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+CHMOD(1)                 User Commands                 CHMOD(1)
+
+
+
+
+
+NAME
+       chmod - change file access permissions
+
+SYNOPSIS
+       chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
+       chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE...
+       chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
+
+DESCRIPTION
+       This  manual  page  documents  the GNU version of chmod.
+       chmod changes the permissions of each given file accord-
+       ing  to mode, which can be either a symbolic representa-
+       tion of changes to make, or an octal number representing
+       the bit pattern for the new permissions.
+
+       The format of a symbolic mode is `[ugoa...][[+-=][rwxXs-
+       tugo...]...][,...]'.  Multiple symbolic  operations  can
+       be given, separated by commas.
+
+       A  combination  of  the  letters  `ugoa'  controls which
+       users' access to the file will be changed: the user  who
+       owns  it (u), other users in the file's group (g), other
+       users not in the file's group (o), or all users (a).  If
+       none  of  these  are given, the effect is as if `a' were
+       given, but bits that  are  set  in  the  umask  are  not
+       affected.
+
+       The  operator  `+' causes the permissions selected to be
+       added to the existing  permissions  of  each  file;  `-'
+       causes them to be removed; and `=' causes them to be the
+       only permissions that the file has.
+
+       The letters `rwxXstugo' select the new  permissions  for
+       the  affected  users:  read  (r), write (w), execute (or
+       access for directories) (x), execute only if the file is
+       a  directory  or already has execute permission for some
+       user (X), set user or group ID on execution (s),  sticky
+       (t),  the  permissions  granted to the user who owns the
+       file (u), the permissions granted to other users who are
+       members  of  the  file's  group (g), and the permissions
+       granted to users that are in neither of the two  preced-
+       ing categories (o).
+
+       A  numeric  mode is from one to four octal digits (0-7),
+       derived by adding up the bits with values 4, 2,  and  1.
+       Any omitted digits are assumed to be leading zeros.  The
+       first digit selects the set user ID (4) and set group ID
+       (2) and sticky (1) attributes.  The second digit selects
+       permissions for the user who owns the  file:  read  (4),
+       write  (2),  and  execute (1); the third selects permis-
+       sions for other users in the file's group, with the same
+       values; and the fourth for other users not in the file's
+       group, with the same values.
+
+       chmod never changes the permissions of  symbolic  links;
+       the  chmod  system call cannot change their permissions.
+       This is not a problem since the permissions of  symbolic
+       links  are  never used.  However, for each symbolic link
+       listed on the command line, chmod  changes  the  permis-
+       sions  of  the  pointed-to  file.   In  contrast,  chmod
+       ignores  symbolic  links  encountered  during  recursive
+       directory traversals.
+
+STICKY FILES
+       On  older Unix systems, the sticky bit caused executable
+       files to be hoarded in swap space.  This feature is  not
+       useful  on  modern  VM  systems,  and  the  Linux kernel
+       ignores the sticky bit on files.  Other kernels may  use
+       the sticky bit on files for system-defined purposes.  On
+       some systems, only the superuser can set the sticky  bit
+       on files.
+
+STICKY DIRECTORIES
+       When the sticky bit is set on a directory, files in that
+       directory may be unlinked or renamed  only  by  root  or
+       their  owner.   Without  the  sticky bit, anyone able to
+       write to the directory can delete or rename files.   The
+       sticky  bit  is  commonly  found on directories, such as
+       /tmp, that are world-writable.
+
+OPTIONS
+       Change the mode of each FILE to MODE.
+
+       -c, --changes
+              like verbose but report only  when  a  change  is
+              made
+
+       --no-preserve-root
+              do not treat `/' specially (the default)
+
+       --preserve-root
+              fail to operate recursively on `/'
+
+       -f, --silent, --quiet
+              suppress most error messages
+
+       -v, --verbose
+              output a diagnostic for every file processed
+
+       --reference=RFILE
+              use RFILE's mode instead of MODE values
+
+       -R, --recursive
+              change files and directories recursively
+
+       --help display this help and exit
+
+       --version
+              output version information and exit
+
+       Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the
+       symbols +-= and one or more of the letters rwxXstugo.
+
+AUTHOR
+       Written by David MacKenzie and Jim Meyering.
+
+REPORTING BUGS
+       Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>.
+
+COPYRIGHT
+       Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+       This is free software; see the source for copying condi-
+       tions.  There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABIL-
+       ITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+SEE ALSO
+       The full documentation for chmod is maintained as a Tex-
+       info  manual.   If the info and chmod programs are prop-
+       erly installed at your site, the command
+
+              info chmod
+
+       should give you access to the complete manual.
+
+
+
+chmod 5.3.0              November 2004                 CHMOD(1)