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authorIndrajith K L2022-12-03 17:00:20 +0530
committerIndrajith K L2022-12-03 17:00:20 +0530
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+SHRED(1) User Commands SHRED(1)
+
+
+
+
+
+NAME
+ shred - overwrite a file to hide its contents, and
+ optionally delete it
+
+SYNOPSIS
+ shred [OPTIONS] FILE [...]
+
+DESCRIPTION
+ Overwrite the specified FILE(s) repeatedly, in order to
+ make it harder for even very expensive hardware probing
+ to recover the data.
+
+ Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for
+ short options too.
+
+ -f, --force
+ change permissions to allow writing if necessary
+
+ -n, --iterations=N
+ Overwrite N times instead of the default (25)
+
+ -s, --size=N
+ shred this many bytes (suffixes like K, M, G
+ accepted)
+
+ -u, --remove
+ truncate and remove file after overwriting
+
+ -v, --verbose
+ show progress
+
+ -x, --exact
+ do not round file sizes up to the next full
+ block;
+
+ this is the default for non-regular files
+
+ -z, --zero
+ add a final overwrite with zeros to hide shred-
+ ding
+
+ --help display this help and exit
+
+ --version
+ output version information and exit
+
+ If FILE is -, shred standard output.
+
+ Delete FILE(s) if --remove (-u) is specified. The
+ default is not to remove the files because it is common
+ to operate on device files like /dev/hda, and those
+ files usually should not be removed. When operating on
+ regular files, most people use the --remove option.
+
+ CAUTION: Note that shred relies on a very important
+ assumption: that the file system overwrites data in
+ place. This is the traditional way to do things, but
+ many modern file system designs do not satisfy this
+ assumption. The following are examples of file systems
+ on which shred is not effective:
+
+ * log-structured or journaled file systems, such as
+ those supplied with
+
+ AIX and Solaris (and JFS, ReiserFS, XFS, Ext3,
+ etc.)
+
+ * file systems that write redundant data and carry on
+ even if some writes
+
+ fail, such as RAID-based file systems
+
+ * file systems that make snapshots, such as Network
+ Appliance's NFS server
+
+ * file systems that cache in temporary locations, such
+ as NFS
+
+ version 3 clients
+
+ * compressed file systems
+
+ In addition, file system backups and remote mirrors may
+ contain copies of the file that cannot be removed, and
+ that will allow a shredded file to be recovered later.
+
+AUTHOR
+ Written by Colin Plumb.
+
+REPORTING BUGS
+ Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>.
+
+COPYRIGHT
+ Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+ This is free software; see the source for copying condi-
+ tions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABIL-
+ ITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+SEE ALSO
+ The full documentation for shred is maintained as a Tex-
+ info manual. If the info and shred programs are prop-
+ erly installed at your site, the command
+
+ info shred
+
+ should give you access to the complete manual.
+
+
+
+shred 5.3.0 January 2005 SHRED(1)