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+AWK(1P) POSIX Programmer's Manual AWK(1P)
+
+
+
+PROLOG
+ This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Man-
+ ual. The Linux implementation of this interface may
+ differ (consult the corresponding Linux manual page for
+ details of Linux behavior), or the interface may not be
+ implemented on Linux.
+
+NAME
+ awk - pattern scanning and processing language
+
+SYNOPSIS
+ awk [-F ERE][-v assignment] ... program [argument ...]
+
+ awk [-F ERE] -f progfile ... [-v assignment] ...[argu-
+ ment ...]
+
+
+DESCRIPTION
+ The awk utility shall execute programs written in the
+ awk programming language, which is specialized for tex-
+ tual data manipulation. An awk program is a sequence of
+ patterns and corresponding actions. When input is read
+ that matches a pattern, the action associated with that
+ pattern is carried out.
+
+ Input shall be interpreted as a sequence of records. By
+ default, a record is a line, less its terminating <new-
+ line>, but this can be changed by using the RS built-in
+ variable. Each record of input shall be matched in turn
+ against each pattern in the program. For each pattern
+ matched, the associated action shall be executed.
+
+ The awk utility shall interpret each input record as a
+ sequence of fields where, by default, a field is a
+ string of non- <blank>s. This default white-space field
+ delimiter can be changed by using the FS built-in vari-
+ able or -F ERE. The awk utility shall denote the first
+ field in a record $1, the second $2, and so on. The sym-
+ bol $0 shall refer to the entire record; setting any
+ other field causes the re-evaluation of $0. Assigning to
+ $0 shall reset the values of all other fields and the NF
+ built-in variable.
+
+OPTIONS
+ The awk utility shall conform to the Base Definitions
+ volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility
+ Syntax Guidelines.
+
+ The following options shall be supported:
+
+ -F ERE
+ Define the input field separator to be the
+ extended regular expression ERE, before any input
+ is read; see Regular Expressions .
+
+ -f progfile
+ Specify the pathname of the file progfile con-
+ taining an awk program. If multiple instances of
+ this option are specified, the concatenation of
+ the files specified as progfile in the order
+ specified shall be the awk program. The awk pro-
+ gram can alternatively be specified in the com-
+ mand line as a single argument.
+
+ -v assignment
+ The application shall ensure that the assignment
+ argument is in the same form as an assignment
+ operand. The specified variable assignment shall
+ occur prior to executing the awk program, includ-
+ ing the actions associated with BEGIN patterns
+ (if any). Multiple occurrences of this option can
+ be specified.
+
+
+OPERANDS
+ The following operands shall be supported:
+
+ program
+ If no -f option is specified, the first operand
+ to awk shall be the text of the awk program. The
+ application shall supply the program operand as a
+ single argument to awk. If the text does not end
+ in a <newline>, awk shall interpret the text as
+ if it did.
+
+ argument
+ Either of the following two types of argument can
+ be intermixed:
+
+ file
+ A pathname of a file that contains the input to
+ be read, which is matched against the set of pat-
+ terns in the program. If no file operands are
+ specified, or if a file operand is '-', the stan-
+ dard input shall be used.
+
+ assignment
+ An operand that begins with an underscore or
+ alphabetic character from the portable character
+ set (see the table in the Base Definitions volume
+ of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 6.1, Portable
+ Character Set), followed by a sequence of under-
+ scores, digits, and alphabetics from the portable
+ character set, followed by the '=' character,
+ shall specify a variable assignment rather than a
+ pathname. The characters before the '=' represent
+ the name of an awk variable; if that name is an
+ awk reserved word (see Grammar ) the behavior is
+ undefined. The characters following the equal
+ sign shall be interpreted as if they appeared in
+ the awk program preceded and followed by a dou-
+ ble-quote ( ' )' character, as a STRING token
+ (see Grammar ), except that if the last character
+ is an unescaped backslash, it shall be inter-
+ preted as a literal backslash rather than as the
+ first character of the sequence "\"" . The vari-
+ able shall be assigned the value of that STRING
+ token and, if appropriate, shall be considered a
+ numeric string (see Expressions in awk ), the
+ variable shall also be assigned its numeric
+ value. Each such variable assignment shall occur
+ just prior to the processing of the following
+ file, if any. Thus, an assignment before the
+ first file argument shall be executed after the
+ BEGIN actions (if any), while an assignment after
+ the last file argument shall occur before the END
+ actions (if any). If there are no file arguments,
+ assignments shall be executed before processing
+ the standard input.
+
+
+
+STDIN
+ The standard input shall be used only if no file
+ operands are specified, or if a file operand is '-' ;
+ see the INPUT FILES section. If the awk program contains
+ no actions and no patterns, but is otherwise a valid awk
+ program, standard input and any file operands shall not
+ be read and awk shall exit with a return status of zero.
+
+INPUT FILES
+ Input files to the awk program from any of the following
+ sources shall be text files:
+
+ * Any file operands or their equivalents, achieved by
+ modifying the awk variables ARGV and ARGC
+
+
+ * Standard input in the absence of any file operands
+
+
+ * Arguments to the getline function
+
+
+ Whether the variable RS is set to a value other than a
+ <newline> or not, for these files, implementations shall
+ support records terminated with the specified separator
+ up to {LINE_MAX} bytes and may support longer records.
+
+ If -f progfile is specified, the application shall
+ ensure that the files named by each of the progfile
+ option-arguments are text files and their concatenation,
+ in the same order as they appear in the arguments, is an
+ awk program.
+
+ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+ The following environment variables shall affect the
+ execution of awk:
+
+ LANG Provide a default value for the internationaliza-
+ tion variables that are unset or null. (See the
+ Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
+ Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables for
+ the precedence of internationalization variables
+ used to determine the values of locale cate-
+ gories.)
+
+ LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the
+ values of all the other internationalization
+ variables.
+
+ LC_COLLATE
+ Determine the locale for the behavior of ranges,
+ equivalence classes, and multi-character collat-
+ ing elements within regular expressions and in
+ comparisons of string values.
+
+ LC_CTYPE
+ Determine the locale for the interpretation of
+ sequences of bytes of text data as characters
+ (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-
+ byte characters in arguments and input files),
+ the behavior of character classes within regular
+ expressions, the identification of characters as
+ letters, and the mapping of uppercase and lower-
+ case characters for the toupper and tolower func-
+ tions.
+
+ LC_MESSAGES
+ Determine the locale that should be used to
+ affect the format and contents of diagnostic mes-
+ sages written to standard error.
+
+ LC_NUMERIC
+ Determine the radix character used when inter-
+ preting numeric input, performing conversions
+ between numeric and string values, and formatting
+ numeric output. Regardless of locale, the period
+ character (the decimal-point character of the
+ POSIX locale) is the decimal-point character rec-
+ ognized in processing awk programs (including
+ assignments in command line arguments).
+
+ NLSPATH
+ Determine the location of message catalogs for
+ the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
+
+ PATH Determine the search path when looking for com-
+ mands executed by system(expr), or input and out-
+ put pipes; see the Base Definitions volume of
+ IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Chapter 8, Environment
+ Variables.
+
+
+ In addition, all environment variables shall be visible
+ via the awk variable ENVIRON.
+
+ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
+ Default.
+
+STDOUT
+ The nature of the output files depends on the awk pro-
+ gram.
+
+STDERR
+ The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic
+ messages.
+
+OUTPUT FILES
+ The nature of the output files depends on the awk pro-
+ gram.
+
+EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
+ Overall Program Structure
+ An awk program is composed of pairs of the form:
+
+
+ pattern { action }
+
+ Either the pattern or the action (including the enclos-
+ ing brace characters) can be omitted.
+
+ A missing pattern shall match any record of input, and a
+ missing action shall be equivalent to:
+
+
+ { print }
+
+ Execution of the awk program shall start by first exe-
+ cuting the actions associated with all BEGIN patterns in
+ the order they occur in the program. Then each file
+ operand (or standard input if no files were specified)
+ shall be processed in turn by reading data from the file
+ until a record separator is seen ( <newline> by
+ default). Before the first reference to a field in the
+ record is evaluated, the record shall be split into
+ fields, according to the rules in Regular Expressions,
+ using the value of FS that was current at the time the
+ record was read. Each pattern in the program then shall
+ be evaluated in the order of occurrence, and the action
+ associated with each pattern that matches the current
+ record executed. The action for a matching pattern shall
+ be executed before evaluating subsequent patterns.
+ Finally, the actions associated with all END patterns
+ shall be executed in the order they occur in the pro-
+ gram.
+
+ Expressions in awk
+ Expressions describe computations used in patterns and
+ actions. In the following table, valid expression
+ operations are given in groups from highest precedence
+ first to lowest precedence last, with equal-precedence
+ operators grouped between horizontal lines. In expres-
+ sion evaluation, where the grammar is formally ambigu-
+ ous, higher precedence operators shall be evaluated
+ before lower precedence operators. In this table expr,
+ expr1, expr2, and expr3 represent any expression, while
+ lvalue represents any entity that can be assigned to
+ (that is, on the left side of an assignment operator).
+ The precise syntax of expressions is given in Grammar .
+
+ Table: Expressions in Decreasing Precedence in awk
+
+
+
+
+IEEE/The Open Group 2003 AWK(1P)