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authorIndrajith K L2022-12-03 17:00:20 +0530
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+cat(P) cat(P)
+
+
+
+
+
+NAME
+ cat - concatenate and print files
+
+SYNOPSIS
+ cat [-u][file ...]
+
+DESCRIPTION
+ The cat utility shall read files in sequence and shall
+ write their contents to the standard output in the same
+ sequence.
+
+OPTIONS
+ The cat utility shall conform to the Base Definitions
+ volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility
+ Syntax Guidelines.
+
+ The following option shall be supported:
+
+ -u Write bytes from the input file to the standard
+ output without delay as each is read.
+
+
+OPERANDS
+ The following operand shall be supported:
+
+ file A pathname of an input file. If no file operands
+ are specified, the standard input shall be used.
+ If a file is '-' , the cat utility shall read
+ from the standard input at that point in the
+ sequence. The cat utility shall not close and
+ reopen standard input when it is referenced in
+ this way, but shall accept multiple occurrences
+ of '-' as a file operand.
+
+
+STDIN
+ The standard input shall be used only if no file oper-
+ ands are specified, or if a file operand is '-' . See
+ the INPUT FILES section.
+
+INPUT FILES
+ The input files can be any file type.
+
+ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+ The following environment variables shall affect the
+ execution of cat:
+
+ LANG Provide a default value for the internationaliza-
+ tion variables that are unset or null. (See the
+ Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
+ Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables for
+ the precedence of internationalization variables
+ used to determine the values of locale cate-
+ gories.)
+
+ LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the
+ values of all the other internationalization
+ variables.
+
+ LC_CTYPE
+ Determine the locale for the interpretation of
+ sequences of bytes of text data as characters
+ (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-
+ byte characters in arguments).
+
+ LC_MESSAGES
+ Determine the locale that should be used to
+ affect the format and contents of diagnostic mes-
+ sages written to standard error.
+
+ NLSPATH
+ Determine the location of message catalogs for
+ the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
+
+
+ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
+ Default.
+
+STDOUT
+ The standard output shall contain the sequence of bytes
+ read from the input files. Nothing else shall be written
+ to the standard output.
+
+STDERR
+ The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic
+ messages.
+
+OUTPUT FILES
+ None.
+
+EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
+ None.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+ The following exit values shall be returned:
+
+ 0 All input files were output successfully.
+
+ >0 An error occurred.
+
+
+CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
+ Default.
+
+ The following sections are informative.
+
+APPLICATION USAGE
+ The -u option has value in prototyping non-blocking
+ reads from FIFOs. The intent is to support the following
+ sequence:
+
+
+ mkfifo foo
+ cat -u foo > /dev/tty13 &
+ cat -u > foo
+
+ It is unspecified whether standard output is or is not
+ buffered in the default case. This is sometimes of
+ interest when standard output is associated with a ter-
+ minal, since buffering may delay the output. The pres-
+ ence of the -u option guarantees that unbuffered I/O is
+ available. It is implementation-defined whether the cat
+ utility buffers output if the -u option is not speci-
+ fied. Traditionally, the -u option is implemented using
+ the equivalent of the setvbuf() function defined in the
+ System Interfaces volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001.
+
+EXAMPLES
+ The following command:
+
+
+ cat myfile
+
+ writes the contents of the file myfile to standard
+ output.
+
+ The following command:
+
+
+ cat doc1 doc2 > doc.all
+
+ concatenates the files doc1 and doc2 and writes the
+ result to doc.all.
+
+ Because of the shell language mechanism used to perform
+ output redirection, a command such as this:
+
+
+ cat doc doc.end > doc
+
+ causes the original data in doc to be lost.
+
+ The command:
+
+
+ cat start - middle - end > file
+
+ when standard input is a terminal, gets two arbitrary
+ pieces of input from the terminal with a single invoca-
+ tion of cat. Note, however, that if standard input is a
+ regular file, this would be equivalent to the command:
+
+
+ cat start - middle /dev/null end > file
+
+ because the entire contents of the file would be con-
+ sumed by cat the first time '-' was used as a file oper-
+ and and an end-of-file condition would be detected imme-
+ diately when '-' was referenced the second time.
+
+RATIONALE
+ Historical versions of the cat utility include the
+ options -e, -t, and -v, which permit the ends of lines,
+ <tab>s, and invisible characters, respectively, to be
+ rendered visible in the output. The standard developers
+ omitted these options because they provide too fine a
+ degree of control over what is made visible, and similar
+ output can be obtained using a command such as:
+
+
+ sed -n -e 's/$/$/' -e l pathname
+
+ The -s option was omitted because it corresponds to dif-
+ ferent functions in BSD and System V-based systems. The
+ BSD -s option to squeeze blank lines can be accomplished
+ by the shell script shown in the following example:
+
+
+ sed -n '
+ # Write non-empty lines.
+ /./ {
+ p
+ d
+ }
+ # Write a single empty line, then look for more empty lines.
+ /^$/ p
+ # Get next line, discard the held <newline> (empty line),
+ # and look for more empty lines.
+ :Empty
+ /^$/ {
+ N
+ s/.//
+ b Empty
+ }
+ # Write the non-empty line before going back to search
+ # for the first in a set of empty lines.
+ p
+
+ The System V -s option to silence error messages can be
+ accomplished by redirecting the standard error. Note
+ that the BSD documentation for cat uses the term "blank
+ line" to mean the same as the POSIX "empty line'': a
+ line consisting only of a <newline>.
+
+ The BSD -n option was omitted because similar function-
+ ality can be obtained from the -n option of the pr util-
+ ity.
+
+FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+ None.
+
+SEE ALSO
+ more , the System Interfaces volume of
+ IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, setvbuf()
+
+COPYRIGHT
+ Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in
+ electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition,
+ Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operat-
+ ing System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Speci-
+ fications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Insti-
+ tute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and
+ The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
+ this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group
+ Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
+ is the referee document. The original Standard can be
+ obtained online at http://www.open-
+ group.org/unix/online.html .
+
+
+
+POSIX 2003 cat(P)