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authorIndrajith K L2022-12-03 17:00:20 +0530
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+comm(P) comm(P)
+
+
+
+
+
+NAME
+ comm - select or reject lines common to two files
+
+SYNOPSIS
+ comm [-123] file1 file2
+
+DESCRIPTION
+ The comm utility shall read file1 and file2, which
+ should be ordered in the current collating sequence, and
+ produce three text columns as output: lines only in
+ file1, lines only in file2, and lines in both files.
+
+ If the lines in both files are not ordered according to
+ the collating sequence of the current locale, the
+ results are unspecified.
+
+OPTIONS
+ The comm utility shall conform to the Base Definitions
+ volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility
+ Syntax Guidelines.
+
+ The following options shall be supported:
+
+ -1 Suppress the output column of lines unique to
+ file1.
+
+ -2 Suppress the output column of lines unique to
+ file2.
+
+ -3 Suppress the output column of lines duplicated in
+ file1 and file2.
+
+
+OPERANDS
+ The following operands shall be supported:
+
+ file1 A pathname of the first file to be compared. If
+ file1 is '-' , the standard input shall be used.
+
+ file2 A pathname of the second file to be compared. If
+ file2 is '-' , the standard input shall be used.
+
+
+ If both file1 and file2 refer to standard input or to
+ the same FIFO special, block special, or character spe-
+ cial file, the results are undefined.
+
+STDIN
+ The standard input shall be used only if one of the
+ file1 or file2 operands refers to standard input. See
+ the INPUT FILES section.
+
+INPUT FILES
+ The input files shall be text files.
+
+ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+ The following environment variables shall affect the
+ execution of comm:
+
+ LANG Provide a default value for the internationaliza-
+ tion variables that are unset or null. (See the
+ Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
+ Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables for
+ the precedence of internationalization variables
+ used to determine the values of locale cate-
+ gories.)
+
+ LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the
+ values of all the other internationalization
+ variables.
+
+ LC_COLLATE
+
+ Determine the locale for the collating sequence
+ comm expects to have been used when the input
+ files were sorted.
+
+ LC_CTYPE
+ Determine the locale for the interpretation of
+ sequences of bytes of text data as characters
+ (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-
+ byte characters in arguments and input files).
+
+ LC_MESSAGES
+ Determine the locale that should be used to
+ affect the format and contents of diagnostic mes-
+ sages written to standard error.
+
+ NLSPATH
+ Determine the location of message catalogs for
+ the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
+
+
+ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
+ Default.
+
+STDOUT
+ The comm utility shall produce output depending on the
+ options selected. If the -1, -2, and -3 options are all
+ selected, comm shall write nothing to standard output.
+
+ If the -1 option is not selected, lines contained only
+ in file1 shall be written using the format:
+
+
+ "%s\n", <line in file1>
+
+ If the -2 option is not selected, lines contained only
+ in file2 are written using the format:
+
+
+ "%s%s\n", <lead>, <line in file2>
+
+ where the string <lead> is as follows:
+
+ <tab> The -1 option is not selected.
+
+ null string
+ The -1 option is selected.
+
+
+ If the -3 option is not selected, lines contained in
+ both files shall be written using the format:
+
+
+ "%s%s\n", <lead>, <line in both>
+
+ where the string <lead> is as follows:
+
+ <tab><tab>
+ Neither the -1 nor the -2 option is selected.
+
+ <tab> Exactly one of the -1 and -2 options is selected.
+
+ null string
+ Both the -1 and -2 options are selected.
+
+
+ If the input files were ordered according to the collat-
+ ing sequence of the current locale, the lines written
+ shall be in the collating sequence of the original
+ lines.
+
+STDERR
+ The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic
+ messages.
+
+OUTPUT FILES
+ None.
+
+EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
+ None.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+ The following exit values shall be returned:
+
+ 0 All input files were successfully output as spec-
+ ified.
+
+ >0 An error occurred.
+
+
+CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
+ Default.
+
+ The following sections are informative.
+
+APPLICATION USAGE
+ If the input files are not properly presorted, the out-
+ put of comm might not be useful.
+
+EXAMPLES
+ If a file named xcu contains a sorted list of the utili-
+ ties in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, a file
+ named xpg3 contains a sorted list of the utilities spec-
+ ified in the X/Open Portability Guide, Issue 3, and a
+ file named svid89 contains a sorted list of the utili-
+ ties in the System V Interface Definition Third Edition:
+
+
+ comm -23 xcu xpg3 | comm -23 - svid89
+
+ would print a list of utilities in this volume of
+ IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 not specified by either of the
+ other documents:
+
+
+ comm -12 xcu xpg3 | comm -12 - svid89
+
+ would print a list of utilities specified by all three
+ documents, and:
+
+
+ comm -12 xpg3 svid89 | comm -23 - xcu
+
+ would print a list of utilities specified by both XPG3
+ and the SVID, but not specified in this volume of
+ IEEE Std 1003.1-2001.
+
+RATIONALE
+ None.
+
+FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+ None.
+
+SEE ALSO
+ cmp , diff , sort , uniq
+
+COPYRIGHT
+ Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in
+ electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition,
+ Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operat-
+ ing System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Speci-
+ fications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Insti-
+ tute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and
+ The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
+ this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group
+ Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
+ is the referee document. The original Standard can be
+ obtained online at http://www.open-
+ group.org/unix/online.html .
+
+
+
+POSIX 2003 comm(P)