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+dd(P)                                                     dd(P)
+
+
+
+
+
+NAME
+       dd - convert and copy a file
+
+SYNOPSIS
+       dd [operand ...]
+
+DESCRIPTION
+       The  dd  utility  shall copy the specified input file to
+       the specified  output  file  with  possible  conversions
+       using  specific  input  and output block sizes. It shall
+       read the input one block at a time, using the  specified
+       input  block  size;  it  shall then process the block of
+       data actually returned, which could be smaller than  the
+       requested  block  size.  It  shall apply any conversions
+       that have been specified and write the resulting data to
+       the output in blocks of the specified output block size.
+       If the bs= expr operand is specified and no  conversions
+       other  than sync, noerror, or notrunc are requested, the
+       data returned from each input block shall be written  as
+       a separate output block; if the read returns less than a
+       full block and the sync conversion is not specified, the
+       resulting  output  block  shall  be the same size as the
+       input block. If the bs= expr operand is  not  specified,
+       or  a conversion other than sync, noerror, or notrunc is
+       requested, the input shall be  processed  and  collected
+       into full-sized output blocks until the end of the input
+       is reached.
+
+       The processing order shall be as follows:
+
+       An input block is read.
+
+       If the input block is shorter than the  specified  input
+       block  size  and  the sync conversion is specified, null
+       bytes shall be appended to the  input  data  up  to  the
+       specified  size.  (If  either  block  or unblock is also
+       specified, <space>s shall be appended  instead  of  null
+       bytes.)  The  remaining  conversions  and  output  shall
+       include the pad characters as if they had been read from
+       the input.
+
+       If  the  bs= expr operand is specified and no conversion
+       other than sync or noerror is requested,  the  resulting
+       data  shall  be written to the output as a single block,
+       and the remaining steps are omitted.
+
+       If the swab conversion is specified, each pair of  input
+       data  bytes  shall be swapped. If there is an odd number
+       of bytes in the input block, the last byte in the  input
+       record shall not be swapped.
+
+       Any  remaining  conversions ( block, unblock, lcase, and
+       ucase) shall be performed. These conversions shall oper-
+       ate  on the input data independently of the input block-
+       ing; an input or output  fixed-length  record  may  span
+       block boundaries.
+
+       The  data  resulting  from  input  or conversion or both
+       shall be aggregated into output blocks of the  specified
+       size.  After  the end of input is reached, any remaining
+       output shall be written as a block  without  padding  if
+       conv=  sync  is  not  specified;  thus, the final output
+       block may be shorter than the output block size.
+
+OPTIONS
+       None.
+
+OPERANDS
+       All of the operands shall be processed before any  input
+       is read. The following operands shall be supported:
+
+       if=file
+              Specify  the input pathname; the default is stan-
+              dard input.
+
+       of=file
+              Specify the output pathname; the default is stan-
+              dard  output. If the seek= expr conversion is not
+              also specified, the output file  shall  be  trun-
+              cated  before  the copy begins if an explicit of=
+              file operand is specified, unless  conv=  notrunc
+              is  specified.  If  seek=  expr is specified, but
+              conv= notrunc is not,  the  effect  of  the  copy
+              shall  be  to  preserve  the blocks in the output
+              file over which dd seeks, but no other portion of
+              the  output file shall be preserved. (If the size
+              of the seek plus the size of the  input  file  is
+              less  than  the previous size of the output file,
+              the output file shall be shortened by the  copy.)
+
+       ibs=expr
+              Specify  the  input block size, in bytes, by expr
+              (default is 512).
+
+       obs=expr
+              Specify the output block size, in bytes, by  expr
+              (default is 512).
+
+       bs=expr
+              Set  both  input  and  output block sizes to expr
+              bytes, superseding ibs= and obs=. If  no  conver-
+              sion  other  than  sync,  noerror, and notrunc is
+              specified, each input block shall  be  copied  to
+              the  output as a single block without aggregating
+              short blocks.
+
+       cbs=expr
+              Specify the conversion block size for  block  and
+              unblock  in  bytes  by expr (default is zero). If
+              cbs= is omitted or given a value of  zero,  using
+              block or unblock produces unspecified results.
+
+       The  application  shall ensure that this operand is also
+       specified if the conv= operand is specified with a value
+       of  ascii,  ebcdic,  or ibm. For a conv= operand with an
+       ascii value, the input is handled as described  for  the
+       unblock  value,  except that characters are converted to
+       ASCII before any  trailing  <space>s  are  deleted.  For
+       conv=  operands  with ebcdic or ibm values, the input is
+       handled as described for the block value except that the
+       characters  are  converted  to  EBCDIC  or  IBM  EBCDIC,
+       respectively, after any trailing <space>s are added.
+
+       skip=n Skip n input blocks (using  the  specified  input
+              block  size) before starting to copy. On seekable
+              files, the implementation shall read  the  blocks
+              or  seek  past  them;  on non-seekable files, the
+              blocks shall be read and the data shall  be  dis-
+              carded.
+
+       seek=n Skip  n  blocks (using the specified output block
+              size) from  the  beginning  of  the  output  file
+              before  copying.  On non-seekable files, existing
+              blocks shall be read and space from  the  current
+              end-of-file  to  the  specified  offset,  if any,
+              filled with null bytes; on  seekable  files,  the
+              implementation shall seek to the specified offset
+              or read the blocks as described for  non-seekable
+              files.
+
+       count=n
+              Copy only n input blocks.
+
+       conv=value[,value ...]
+
+              Where values are comma-separated symbols from the
+              following list:
+
+       ascii  Convert EBCDIC to ASCII; see ASCII to EBCDIC Con-
+              version .
+
+       ebcdic Convert ASCII to EBCDIC; see ASCII to EBCDIC Con-
+              version .
+
+       ibm    Convert ASCII to  a  different  EBCDIC  set;  see
+              ASCII to IBM EBCDIC Conversion .
+
+
+       The  ascii,  ebcdic,  and ibm values are mutually-exclu-
+       sive.
+
+       block  Treat the input as a sequence of <newline>-termi-
+              nated  or  end-of-file-terminated variable-length
+              records independent of  the  input  block  bound-
+              aries. Each record shall be converted to a record
+              with a fixed length specified by  the  conversion
+              block  size.  Any <newline> shall be removed from
+              the input line; <space>s  shall  be  appended  to
+              lines  that  are  shorter  than  their conversion
+              block size to fill  the  block.  Lines  that  are
+              longer  than  the  conversion block size shall be
+              truncated to the  largest  number  of  characters
+              that  fit into that size; the number of truncated
+              lines shall be reported (see the STDERR section).
+
+       The block and unblock values are mutually-exclusive.
+
+       unblock
+              Convert  fixed-length records to variable length.
+              Read a number of bytes equal  to  the  conversion
+              block  size  (or the number of bytes remaining in
+              the input, if  less  than  the  conversion  block
+              size), delete all trailing <space>s, and append a
+              <newline>.
+
+       lcase  Map  uppercase  characters   specified   by   the
+              LC_CTYPE  keyword  tolower  to  the corresponding
+              lowercase character.   Characters  for  which  no
+              mapping  is  specified  shall  not be modified by
+              this conversion.
+
+       The lcase and ucase symbols are mutually-exclusive.
+
+       ucase  Map  lowercase  characters   specified   by   the
+              LC_CTYPE  keyword  toupper  to  the corresponding
+              uppercase character.   Characters  for  which  no
+              mapping  is  specified  shall  not be modified by
+              this conversion.
+
+       swab   Swap every pair of input bytes.
+
+       noerror
+              Do not stop processing on an input error. When an
+              input error occurs, a diagnostic message shall be
+              written on standard error, followed by  the  cur-
+              rent  input  and  output block counts in the same
+              format as used at completion (see the STDERR sec-
+              tion).  If  the sync conversion is specified, the
+              missing input shall be replaced with  null  bytes
+              and  processed  normally;  otherwise,  the  input
+              block shall be omitted from the output.
+
+       notrunc
+              Do not truncate the output file. Preserve  blocks
+              in the output file not explicitly written by this
+              invocation of the dd utility. (See also the  pre-
+              ceding of= file operand.)
+
+       sync   Pad  every  input  block  to the size of the ibs=
+              buffer, appending null bytes. (If either block or
+              unblock   is  also  specified,  append  <space>s,
+              rather than null bytes.)
+
+
+
+       The behavior is unspecified if operands other than conv=
+       are specified more than once.
+
+       For the bs=, cbs=, ibs=, and obs= operands, the applica-
+       tion shall supply an expression  specifying  a  size  in
+       bytes. The expression, expr, can be:
+
+       A positive decimal number
+
+       A positive decimal number followed by k, specifying mul-
+       tiplication by 1024
+
+       A positive decimal number followed by b, specifying mul-
+       tiplication by 512
+
+       Two  or more positive decimal numbers (with or without k
+       or b) separated by x,  specifying  the  product  of  the
+       indicated values
+
+       All  of  the  operands are processed before any input is
+       read.
+
+       The following two tables display the octal number  char-
+       acter  values  used for the ascii and ebcdic conversions
+       (first table) and for the ibm conversion (second table).
+       In  both tables, the ASCII values are the row and column
+       headers and the EBCDIC values are found at their  inter-
+       sections.  For  example,  ASCII  0012 (LF) is the second
+       row, third column, yielding 0045 in EBCDIC. The inverted
+       tables  (for  EBCDIC to ASCII conversion) are not shown,
+       but are in one-to-one correspondence with these  tables.
+       The  differences  between the two tables are highlighted
+       by small boxes drawn around five entries.
+       Table: ASCII to EBCDIC Conversion
+
+       Table: ASCII to IBM EBCDIC Conversion
+
+STDIN
+       If no if= operand is specified, the standard input shall
+       be used. See the INPUT FILES section.
+
+INPUT FILES
+       The input file can be any file type.
+
+ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+       The  following  environment  variables  shall affect the
+       execution of dd:
+
+       LANG   Provide    a    default     value     for     the
+              internationalization  variables that are unset or
+              null.  (See  the  Base  Definitions   volume   of
+              IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2, International-
+              ization Variables for the precedence of  interna-
+              tionalization  variables  used  to  determine the
+              values of locale categories.)
+
+       LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override  the
+              values  of  all  the  other  internationalization
+              variables.
+
+       LC_CTYPE
+              Determine the locale for  the  interpretation  of
+              sequences  of  bytes  of  text data as characters
+              (for example, single-byte as  opposed  to  multi-
+              byte  characters  in  arguments and input files),
+              the classification of characters as uppercase  or
+              lowercase, and the mapping of characters from one
+              case to the other.
+
+       LC_MESSAGES
+              Determine the  locale  that  should  be  used  to
+              affect the format and contents of diagnostic mes-
+              sages written to standard error  and  informative
+              messages written to standard output.
+
+       NLSPATH
+              Determine  the  location  of message catalogs for
+              the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
+
+
+ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
+       For SIGINT, the dd utility shall interrupt  its  current
+       processing,  write status information to standard error,
+       and exit as though terminated by SIGINT. It  shall  take
+       the standard action for all other signals; see the ASYN-
+       CHRONOUS EVENTS section in Utility Description  Defaults
+       .
+
+STDOUT
+       If  no  of=  operand  is  specified, the standard output
+       shall be used. The nature of the output depends  on  the
+       operands selected.
+
+STDERR
+       On  completion,  dd  shall write the number of input and
+       output blocks to standard error. In the POSIX locale the
+       following formats shall be used:
+
+
+              "%u+%u records in\n", <number of whole input blocks>,
+                  <number of partial input blocks>
+
+
+              "%u+%u records out\n", <number of whole output blocks>,
+                  <number of partial output blocks>
+
+       A  partial  input block is one for which read() returned
+       less than the input block size. A partial  output  block
+       is  one that was written with fewer bytes than specified
+       by the output block size.
+
+       In addition, when there is at least one truncated block,
+       the number of truncated blocks shall be written to stan-
+       dard error. In the POSIX locale, the format shall be:
+
+
+              "%u truncated %s\n", <number of truncated blocks>, "record" (if
+                  <number of truncated blocks> is one) "records" (otherwise)
+
+       Diagnostic messages may  also  be  written  to  standard
+       error.
+
+OUTPUT FILES
+       If the of= operand is used, the output shall be the same
+       as described in the STDOUT section.
+
+EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
+       None.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+       The following exit values shall be returned:
+
+        0     The input file was copied successfully.
+
+       >0     An error occurred.
+
+
+CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
+       If an input error is detected and the noerror conversion
+       has  not  been specified, any partial output block shall
+       be written to the  output  file,  a  diagnostic  message
+       shall  be  written, and the copy operation shall be dis-
+       continued. If some other error is detected, a diagnostic
+       message shall be written and the copy operation shall be
+       discontinued.
+
+       The following sections are informative.
+
+APPLICATION USAGE
+       The input and output block size can be specified to take
+       advantage of raw physical I/O.
+
+       There  are  many  different versions of the EBCDIC code-
+       sets. The ASCII and EBCDIC conversions specified for the
+       dd utility perform conversions for the version specified
+       by the tables.
+
+EXAMPLES
+       The following command:
+
+
+              dd if=/dev/rmt0h  of=/dev/rmt1h
+
+       copies from tape drive 0 to tape drive 1, using a common
+       historical device naming convention.
+
+       The following command:
+
+
+              dd ibs=10  skip=1
+
+       strips the first 10 bytes from standard input.
+
+       This  example  reads  an EBCDIC tape blocked ten 80-byte
+       EBCDIC card images per block into the ASCII file x:
+
+
+              dd if=/dev/tape of=x ibs=800 cbs=80 conv=ascii,lcase
+
+RATIONALE
+       The OPTIONS section is listed as  "None"  because  there
+       are  no  options  recognized by historical dd utilities.
+       Certainly, many of the operands could have been designed
+       to  use  the Utility Syntax Guidelines, which would have
+       resulted in the classic hyphenated  option  letters.  In
+       this  version of this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, dd
+       retains its curious JCL-like syntax  due  to  the  large
+       number  of  applications  that  depend on the historical
+       implementation.
+
+       A suggested implementation technique for conv=  noerror,
+       sync  is  to  zero  (or  <space>-fill,  if  blocking  or
+       unblocking) the input buffer before  each  read  and  to
+       write  the  contents  of  the input buffer to the output
+       even after an error. In this  manner,  any  data  trans-
+       ferred to the input buffer before the error was detected
+       is preserved. Another point is that a failed read  on  a
+       regular  file or a disk generally does not increment the
+       file offset, and dd must then seek  past  the  block  on
+       which  the  error  occurred;  otherwise, the input error
+       occurs repetitively. When the input is a magnetic  tape,
+       however, the tape normally has passed the block contain-
+       ing the error when the error is reported,  and  thus  no
+       seek is necessary.
+
+       The  default  ibs=  and  obs= sizes are specified as 512
+       bytes because there are  historical  (largely  portable)
+       scripts  that  assume  these  values.  If they were left
+       unspecified, unusual results could occur if an implemen-
+       tation chose an odd block size.
+
+       Historical  implementations of dd used creat() when pro-
+       cessing of= file. This makes the seek= operand  unusable
+       except  on  special files. The conv= notrunc feature was
+       added because more recent BSD-based implementations  use
+       open()  (without  O_TRUNC)  instead of creat(), but they
+       fail to delete  output  file  contents  after  the  data
+       copied.
+
+       The w multiplier (historically meaning word), is used in
+       System V to mean 2 and in 4.2 BSD to mean 4. Since  word
+       is  inherently non-portable, its use is not supported by
+       this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001.
+
+       Standard EBCDIC does not have the characters '[' and ']'
+       .  The  values used in the table are taken from a common
+       print train that does contain  them.  Other  than  those
+       characters,  the  print  train values are not filled in,
+       but appear to provide some of  the  motivation  for  the
+       historical choice of translations reflected here.
+
+       The Standard EBCDIC table provides a 1:1 translation for
+       all 256 bytes.
+
+       The IBM EBCDIC table does not provide  such  a  transla-
+       tion.  The  marked  cells in the tables differ in such a
+       way that:
+
+       EBCDIC 0112 ( 'cent' ) and 0152  (broken  pipe)  do  not
+       appear in the table.
+
+       EBCDIC  0137  (  'not' ) translates to/from ASCII 0236 (
+       '^' ). In the standard table, EBCDIC 0232  (no  graphic)
+       is used.
+
+       EBCDIC  0241 ( '~' ) translates to/from ASCII 0176 ( '~'
+       ). In the standard table, EBCDIC 0137 ( 'not' ) is used.
+
+       0255  ( '[' ) and 0275 ( ']' ) appear twice, once in the
+       same place as for the standard table and once  in  place
+       of 0112 ( 'cent' ) and 0241 ( '~' ).
+
+       In net result: EBCDIC 0275 ( ']' ) displaced EBCDIC 0241
+       ( '~' ) in cell 0345.
+
+           That displaced EBCDIC 0137 ( 'not' ) in cell 0176.
+
+           That displaced EBCDIC  0232  (no  graphic)  in  cell
+       0136.
+
+           That  replaced  EBCDIC  0152  (broken  pipe) in cell
+       0313.
+
+       EBCDIC 0255 ( '[' ) replaced EBCDIC 0112 ( 'cent' ).
+
+       This translation, however, reflects historical  practice
+       that  (ASCII)  '~'  and  'not' were often mapped to each
+       other, as were '[' and 'cent' ; and ']' and (EBCDIC) '~'
+       .
+
+       The cbs operand is required if any of the ascii, ebcdic,
+       or ibm operands are specified. For  the  ascii  operand,
+       the  input is handled as described for the unblock oper-
+       and except that characters are converted to ASCII before
+       the  trailing  <space>s  are deleted. For the ebcdic and
+       ibm operands, the input is handled as described for  the
+       block  operand  except that the characters are converted
+       to EBCDIC or IBM EBCDIC after the trailing <space>s  are
+       added.
+
+       The  block  and unblock keywords are from historical BSD
+       practice.
+
+       The consistent use of the word record in standard  error
+       messages  matches  most  historical practice. An earlier
+       version of System  V  used  block,  but  this  has  been
+       updated in more recent releases.
+
+       Early  proposals only allowed two numbers separated by x
+       to be used in a product when specifying bs=, cbs=, ibs=,
+       and obs= sizes. This was changed to reflect the histori-
+       cal practice of allowing multiple numbers in the product
+       as  provided  by  Version 7 and all releases of System V
+       and BSD.
+
+       A change to the swab conversion  is  required  to  match
+       historical  practice  and  is  the  result  of IEEE PASC
+       Interpretations 1003.2 #03 and #04,  submitted  for  the
+       ISO POSIX-2:1993 standard.
+
+       A  change to the handling of SIGINT is required to match
+       historical practice and  is  the  result  of  IEEE  PASC
+       Interpretation    1003.2    #06    submitted   for   the
+       ISO POSIX-2:1993 standard.
+
+FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+       None.
+
+SEE ALSO
+       Utility Description Defaults , sed , tr
+
+COPYRIGHT
+       Portions of this text are reprinted  and  reproduced  in
+       electronic  form  from  IEEE  Std  1003.1, 2003 Edition,
+       Standard for Information Technology -- Portable  Operat-
+       ing System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Speci-
+       fications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Insti-
+       tute  of  Electrical  and Electronics Engineers, Inc and
+       The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy  between
+       this  version  and  the original IEEE and The Open Group
+       Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group  Standard
+       is  the  referee  document. The original Standard can be
+       obtained        online        at        http://www.open-
+       group.org/unix/online.html .
+
+
+
+POSIX                         2003                        dd(P)