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authorIndrajith K L2022-12-03 17:00:20 +0530
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+dirname(P) dirname(P)
+
+
+
+
+
+NAME
+ dirname - return the directory portion of a pathname
+
+SYNOPSIS
+ dirname string
+
+DESCRIPTION
+ The string operand shall be treated as a pathname, as
+ defined in the Base Definitions volume of
+ IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 3.266, Pathname. The
+ string string shall be converted to the name of the
+ directory containing the filename corresponding to the
+ last pathname component in string, performing actions
+ equivalent to the following steps in order:
+
+ If string is //, skip steps 2 to 5.
+
+ If string consists entirely of slash characters, string
+ shall be set to a single slash character. In this case,
+ skip steps 3 to 8.
+
+ If there are any trailing slash characters in string,
+ they shall be removed.
+
+ If there are no slash characters remaining in string,
+ string shall be set to a single period character. In
+ this case, skip steps 5 to 8.
+
+ If there are any trailing non-slash characters in
+ string, they shall be removed.
+
+ If the remaining string is //, it is implementation-
+ defined whether steps 7 and 8 are skipped or processed.
+
+ If there are any trailing slash characters in string,
+ they shall be removed.
+
+ If the remaining string is empty, string shall be set to
+ a single slash character.
+
+ The resulting string shall be written to standard out-
+ put.
+
+OPTIONS
+ None.
+
+OPERANDS
+ The following operand shall be supported:
+
+ string A string.
+
+
+STDIN
+ Not used.
+
+INPUT FILES
+ None.
+
+ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+ The following environment variables shall affect the
+ execution of dirname:
+
+ LANG Provide a default value for the internationaliza-
+ tion variables that are unset or null. (See the
+ Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
+ Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables for
+ the precedence of internationalization variables
+ used to determine the values of locale cate-
+ gories.)
+
+ LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the
+ values of all the other internationalization
+ variables.
+
+ LC_CTYPE
+ Determine the locale for the interpretation of
+ sequences of bytes of text data as characters
+ (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-
+ byte characters in arguments).
+
+ LC_MESSAGES
+ Determine the locale that should be used to
+ affect the format and contents of diagnostic mes-
+ sages written to standard error.
+
+ NLSPATH
+ Determine the location of message catalogs for
+ the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
+
+
+ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
+ Default.
+
+STDOUT
+ The dirname utility shall write a line to the standard
+ output in the following format:
+
+
+ "%s\n", <resulting string>
+
+STDERR
+ The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic
+ messages.
+
+OUTPUT FILES
+ None.
+
+EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
+ None.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+ The following exit values shall be returned:
+
+ 0 Successful completion.
+
+ >0 An error occurred.
+
+
+CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
+ Default.
+
+ The following sections are informative.
+
+APPLICATION USAGE
+ The definition of pathname specifies implementation-
+ defined behavior for pathnames starting with two slash
+ characters. Therefore, applications shall not arbitrar-
+ ily add slashes to the beginning of a pathname unless
+ they can ensure that there are more or less than two or
+ are prepared to deal with the implementation-defined
+ consequences.
+
+EXAMPLES
+ Command Results
+ dirname / /
+ dirname // / or //
+ dirname /a/b/ /a
+ dirname //a//b// //a
+ dirname Unspecified
+ dirname a . ($? = 0)
+ dirname "" . ($? = 0)
+ dirname /a /
+ dirname /a/b /a
+ dirname a/b a
+
+RATIONALE
+ The dirname utility originated in System III. It has
+ evolved through the System V releases to a version that
+ matches the requirements specified in this description
+ in System V Release 3. 4.3 BSD and earlier versions did
+ not include dirname.
+
+ The behaviors of basename and dirname in this volume of
+ IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 have been coordinated so that when
+ string is a valid pathname:
+
+
+ $(basename "string")
+
+ would be a valid filename for the file in the directory:
+
+
+ $(dirname "string")
+
+ This would not work for the versions of these utilities
+ in early proposals due to the way processing of trailing
+ slashes was specified. Consideration was given to leav-
+ ing processing unspecified if there were trailing
+ slashes, but this cannot be done; the Base Definitions
+ volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 3.266, Pathname
+ allows trailing slashes. The basename and dirname utili-
+ ties have to specify consistent handling for all valid
+ pathnames.
+
+FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+ None.
+
+SEE ALSO
+ basename() , Parameters and Variables
+
+COPYRIGHT
+ Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in
+ electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition,
+ Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operat-
+ ing System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Speci-
+ fications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Insti-
+ tute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and
+ The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
+ this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group
+ Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
+ is the referee document. The original Standard can be
+ obtained online at http://www.open-
+ group.org/unix/online.html .
+
+
+
+POSIX 2003 dirname(P)