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+du(P)                                                     du(P)
+
+
+
+
+
+NAME
+       du - estimate file space usage
+
+SYNOPSIS
+       du [-a | -s][-kx][-H | -L][file ...]
+
+DESCRIPTION
+       By  default, the du utility shall write to standard out-
+       put the size of the file space  allocated  to,  and  the
+       size  of  the  file space allocated to each subdirectory
+       of, the file hierarchy rooted in each of  the  specified
+       files.  By  default, when a symbolic link is encountered
+       on the command line or in the file hierarchy,  du  shall
+       count  the  size  of  the symbolic link (rather than the
+       file referenced by the link), and shall not  follow  the
+       link  to another portion of the file hierarchy. The size
+       of the file space allocated to a file of type  directory
+       shall  be defined as the sum total of space allocated to
+       all files in the file hierarchy rooted in the  directory
+       plus the space allocated to the directory itself.
+
+       When  du  cannot stat() files or stat() or read directo-
+       ries, it shall report an error condition and  the  final
+       exit status is affected. Files with multiple links shall
+       be counted and written for only one entry. The directory
+       entry  that is selected in the report is unspecified. By
+       default, file sizes shall be written in 512-byte  units,
+       rounded up to the next 512-byte unit.
+
+OPTIONS
+       The  du  utility  shall  conform to the Base Definitions
+       volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,  Section  12.2,  Utility
+       Syntax Guidelines.
+
+       The following options shall be supported:
+
+       -a     In  addition  to  the  default output, report the
+              size of each file not of type  directory  in  the
+              file  hierarchy  rooted  in  the  specified file.
+              Regardless of the presence of the -a option, non-
+              directories  given  as file operands shall always
+              be listed.
+
+       -H     If a symbolic link is specified  on  the  command
+              line, du shall count the size of the file or file
+              hierarchy referenced by the link.
+
+       -k     Write the files sizes in  units  of  1024  bytes,
+              rather than the default 512-byte units.
+
+       -L     If  a  symbolic  link is specified on the command
+              line or encountered during  the  traversal  of  a
+              file  hierarchy,  du  shall count the size of the
+              file or file hierarchy referenced by the link.
+
+       -s     Instead of the default output,  report  only  the
+              total sum for each of the specified files.
+
+       -x     When  evaluating  file sizes, evaluate only those
+              files that have the same device as the file spec-
+              ified by the file operand.
+
+
+       Specifying  more  than  one  of  the  mutually-exclusive
+       options -H and -L shall not be considered an error.  The
+       last  option  specified  shall determine the behavior of
+       the utility.
+
+OPERANDS
+       The following operand shall be supported:
+
+       file   The pathname of a file whose size is to be  writ-
+              ten.  If no file is specified, the current direc-
+              tory shall be used.
+
+
+STDIN
+       Not used.
+
+INPUT FILES
+       None.
+
+ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+       The following environment  variables  shall  affect  the
+       execution of du:
+
+       LANG   Provide a default value for the internationaliza-
+              tion variables that are unset or null.  (See  the
+              Base  Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
+              Section 8.2, Internationalization  Variables  for
+              the  precedence of internationalization variables
+              used to determine  the  values  of  locale  cate-
+              gories.)
+
+       LC_ALL If  set to a non-empty string value, override the
+              values  of  all  the  other  internationalization
+              variables.
+
+       LC_CTYPE
+              Determine  the  locale  for the interpretation of
+              sequences of bytes of  text  data  as  characters
+              (for  example,  single-byte  as opposed to multi-
+              byte characters in arguments).
+
+       LC_MESSAGES
+              Determine the  locale  that  should  be  used  to
+              affect the format and contents of diagnostic mes-
+              sages written to standard error.
+
+       NLSPATH
+              Determine the location of  message  catalogs  for
+              the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
+
+
+ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
+       Default.
+
+STDOUT
+       The  output from du shall consist of the amount of space
+       allocated to a file and the name of  the  file,  in  the
+       following format:
+
+
+              "%d %s\n", <size>, <pathname>
+
+STDERR
+       The  standard  error  shall  be used only for diagnostic
+       messages.
+
+OUTPUT FILES
+       None.
+
+EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
+       None.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+       The following exit values shall be returned:
+
+        0     Successful completion.
+
+       >0     An error occurred.
+
+
+CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
+       Default.
+
+       The following sections are informative.
+
+APPLICATION USAGE
+       None.
+
+EXAMPLES
+       None.
+
+RATIONALE
+       The use of 512-byte units  is  historical  practice  and
+       maintains  compatibility  with ls and other utilities in
+       this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001. This does not  man-
+       date  that  the  file system itself be based on 512-byte
+       blocks. The -k option was added as a compromise measure.
+       It  was agreed by the standard developers that 512 bytes
+       was the best default unit because of its  complete  his-
+       torical  consistency  on  System  V  (versus  the  mixed
+       512/1024-byte usage on  BSD  systems),  and  that  a  -k
+       option  to  switch to 1024-byte units was a good compro-
+       mise. Users who prefer the 1024-byte quantity can easily
+       alias  du  to du -k without breaking the many historical
+       scripts relying on the 512-byte units.
+
+       The -b option was added to an early proposal to  provide
+       a  resolution  to  the  situation where System V and BSD
+       systems give figures for file sizes in blocks, which  is
+       an implementation-defined concept. (In common usage, the
+       block size is 512 bytes for System V and 1024 bytes  for
+       BSD  systems.)  However, -b was later deleted, since the
+       default was eventually decided as 512-byte units.
+
+       Historical file systems provided no way to obtain  exact
+       figures  for  the space allocation given to files. There
+       are two known areas of inaccuracies in  historical  file
+       systems: cases of indirect blocks being used by the file
+       system or sparse files yielding incorrectly high values.
+       An  indirect  block  is space used by the file system in
+       the storage of the file, but that need not be counted in
+       the space allocated to the file. A sparse file is one in
+       which an lseek() call has been made to a position beyond
+       the end of the file and data has subsequently been writ-
+       ten at that point. A file system need not  allocate  all
+       the intervening zero-filled blocks to such a file. It is
+       up to the implementation to define exactly how  accurate
+       its methods are.
+
+       The  -a  and  -s  options were mutually-exclusive in the
+       original version of du. The POSIX  Shell  and  Utilities
+       description is implied by the language in the SVID where
+       -s is described as causing "only the grand total" to  be
+       reported.   Some systems may produce output for -sa, but
+       a Strictly Conforming POSIX Shell and Utilities Applica-
+       tion cannot use that combination.
+
+       The  -a and -s options were adopted from the SVID except
+       that the System V behavior of not  listing  non-directo-
+       ries  explicitly given as operands, unless the -a option
+       is  specified,  was  considered  a  bug;  the  BSD-based
+       behavior  (report  for  all  operands)  is mandated. The
+       default behavior of  du  in  the  SVID  with  regard  to
+       reporting the failure to read files (it produces no mes-
+       sages) was considered counter-intuitive, and thus it was
+       specified  that  the  POSIX  Shell and Utilities default
+       behavior shall be to produce such messages.  These  mes-
+       sages  can  be  turned  off  with  shell  redirection to
+       achieve the System V behavior.
+
+       The -x option is historical practice on recent BSD  sys-
+       tems.    It   has   been   adopted  by  this  volume  of
+       IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 because there was no other histori-
+       cal  method  of  limiting the du search to a single file
+       hierarchy. This limitation of the search is necessary to
+       make  it possible to obtain file space usage information
+       about a file system on  which  other  file  systems  are
+       mounted,  without having to resort to a lengthy find and
+       awk script.
+
+FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+       None.
+
+SEE ALSO
+       ls    ,    the    System    Interfaces     volume     of
+       IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, stat()
+
+COPYRIGHT
+       Portions  of  this  text are reprinted and reproduced in
+       electronic form from  IEEE  Std  1003.1,  2003  Edition,
+       Standard  for Information Technology -- Portable Operat-
+       ing System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Speci-
+       fications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Insti-
+       tute of Electrical and Electronics  Engineers,  Inc  and
+       The  Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
+       this version and the original IEEE and  The  Open  Group
+       Standard,  the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
+       is the referee document. The original  Standard  can  be
+       obtained        online        at        http://www.open-
+       group.org/unix/online.html .
+
+
+
+POSIX                         2003                        du(P)