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+fold(P)                                                 fold(P)
+
+
+
+
+
+NAME
+       fold - filter for folding lines
+
+SYNOPSIS
+       fold [-bs][-w width][file...]
+
+DESCRIPTION
+       The  fold utility is a filter that shall fold lines from
+       its input files, breaking the lines to have a maximum of
+       width  column  positions  (or bytes, if the -b option is
+       specified). Lines shall be broken by the insertion of  a
+       <newline>  such that each output line (referred to later
+       in this section as a segment) is the maximum width  pos-
+       sible  that does not exceed the specified number of col-
+       umn positions (or bytes). A line shall not be broken  in
+       the middle of a character.  The behavior is undefined if
+       width is less than the  number  of  columns  any  single
+       character in the input would occupy.
+
+       If  the  <carriage-return>s, <backspace>s, or <tab>s are
+       encountered in the input, and the -b option is not spec-
+       ified, they shall be treated specially:
+
+       <backspace>
+              The  current  count of line width shall be decre-
+              mented by one, although  the  count  never  shall
+              become  negative.  The  fold  utility  shall  not
+              insert a <newline> immediately  before  or  after
+              any <backspace>.
+
+       <carriage-return>
+
+              The  current  count of line width shall be set to
+              zero. The fold utility shall not insert  a  <new-
+              line>  immediately before or after any <carriage-
+              return>.
+
+       <tab>  Each <tab> encountered shall advance  the  column
+              position  pointer to the next tab stop. Tab stops
+              shall be at each column position n  such  that  n
+              modulo 8 equals 1.
+
+
+OPTIONS
+       The  fold  utility shall conform to the Base Definitions
+       volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,  Section  12.2,  Utility
+       Syntax Guidelines.
+
+       The following options shall be supported:
+
+       -b     Count  width  in  bytes  rather than column posi-
+              tions.
+
+       -s     If a segment of a line contains a <blank>  within
+              the  first  width  column  positions  (or bytes),
+              break the line after the last such <blank>  meet-
+              ing the width constraints. If there is no <blank>
+              meeting the requirements,  the  -s  option  shall
+              have  no  effect  for  that output segment of the
+              input line.
+
+       -w  width
+              Specify the maximum line length, in column  posi-
+              tions  (or bytes if -b is specified). The results
+              are unspecified if width is not a positive  deci-
+              mal number. The default value shall be 80.
+
+
+OPERANDS
+       The following operand shall be supported:
+
+       file   A  pathname  of  a  text file to be folded. If no
+              file operands are specified, the  standard  input
+              shall be used.
+
+
+STDIN
+       The  standard  input shall be used only if no file oper-
+       ands are specified. See the INPUT FILES section.
+
+INPUT FILES
+       If the -b option is specified, the input files shall  be
+       text  files  except  that  the  lines are not limited to
+       {LINE_MAX} bytes in length. If  the  -b  option  is  not
+       specified, the input files shall be text files.
+
+ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+       The  following  environment  variables  shall affect the
+       execution of fold:
+
+       LANG   Provide a default value for the internationaliza-
+              tion  variables  that are unset or null. (See the
+              Base Definitions volume of  IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
+              Section  8.2,  Internationalization Variables for
+              the precedence of internationalization  variables
+              used  to  determine  the  values  of locale cate-
+              gories.)
+
+       LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override  the
+              values  of  all  the  other  internationalization
+              variables.
+
+       LC_CTYPE
+              Determine the locale for  the  interpretation  of
+              sequences  of  bytes  of  text data as characters
+              (for example, single-byte as  opposed  to  multi-
+              byte  characters  in  arguments and input files),
+              and for the determination of the width in  column
+              positions  each  character would occupy on a con-
+              stant-width font output device.
+
+       LC_MESSAGES
+              Determine the  locale  that  should  be  used  to
+              affect the format and contents of diagnostic mes-
+              sages written to standard error.
+
+       NLSPATH
+              Determine the location of  message  catalogs  for
+              the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
+
+
+ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
+       Default.
+
+STDOUT
+       The  standard  output  shall  be  a  file  containing  a
+       sequence of characters whose order  shall  be  preserved
+       from the input files, possibly with inserted <newline>s.
+
+STDERR
+       The standard error shall be  used  only  for  diagnostic
+       messages.
+
+OUTPUT FILES
+       None.
+
+EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
+       None.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+       The following exit values shall be returned:
+
+        0     All input files were processed successfully.
+
+       >0     An error occurred.
+
+
+CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
+       Default.
+
+       The following sections are informative.
+
+APPLICATION USAGE
+       The  cut  and  fold utilities can be used to create text
+       files out of files with arbitrary line lengths. The  cut
+       utility  should  be  used  when  the number of lines (or
+       records) needs to  remain  constant.  The  fold  utility
+       should  be  used when the contents of long lines need to
+       be kept contiguous.
+
+       The fold utility is frequently used to send  text  files
+       to printers that truncate, rather than fold, lines wider
+       than the printer is able to print  (usually  80  or  132
+       column positions).
+
+EXAMPLES
+       An  example  invocation  that submits a file of possibly
+       long lines to the printer (under the assumption that the
+       user  knows the line width of the printer to be assigned
+       by lp):
+
+
+              fold -w 132 bigfile | lp
+
+RATIONALE
+       Although terminal input  in  canonical  processing  mode
+       requires   the   erase   character  (frequently  set  to
+       <backspace>) to erase the previous character  (not  byte
+       or column position), terminal output is not buffered and
+       is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to parse cor-
+       rectly; the interpretation depends entirely on the phys-
+       ical device  that  actually  displays/prints/stores  the
+       output.  In all known internationalized implementations,
+       the utilities producing output  for  mixed  column-width
+       output  assume  that  a  <backspace> backs up one column
+       position and outputs enough <backspace>s  to  return  to
+       the  start  of the character when <backspace> is used to
+       provide local line motions to  support  underlining  and
+       emboldening operations. Since fold without the -b option
+       is dealing with these same constraints,  <backspace>  is
+       always  treated as backing up one column position rather
+       than backing up one character.
+
+       Historical versions of the fold utility assumed  1  byte
+       was  one character and occupied one column position when
+       written out. This is no longer always  true.  Since  the
+       most common usage of fold is believed to be folding long
+       lines for output to limited-length output devices,  this
+       capability  was  preserved  as  the default case. The -b
+       option was added so that applications could  fold  files
+       with  arbitrary  length lines into text files that could
+       then be processed by the standard utilities.  Note  that
+       although the width for the -b option is in bytes, a line
+       is never split in the middle of  a  character.   (It  is
+       unspecified what happens if a width is specified that is
+       too small to hold a single character found in the  input
+       followed by a <newline>.)
+
+       The tab stops are hardcoded to be every eighth column to
+       meet historical practice. No new  method  of  specifying
+       other tab stops was invented.
+
+FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+       None.
+
+SEE ALSO
+       cut
+
+COPYRIGHT
+       Portions  of  this  text are reprinted and reproduced in
+       electronic form from  IEEE  Std  1003.1,  2003  Edition,
+       Standard  for Information Technology -- Portable Operat-
+       ing System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Speci-
+       fications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Insti-
+       tute of Electrical and Electronics  Engineers,  Inc  and
+       The  Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
+       this version and the original IEEE and  The  Open  Group
+       Standard,  the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
+       is the referee document. The original  Standard  can  be
+       obtained        online        at        http://www.open-
+       group.org/unix/online.html .
+
+
+
+POSIX                         2003                      fold(P)