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authorIndrajith K L2022-12-03 17:00:20 +0530
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+paste(P) paste(P)
+
+
+
+
+
+NAME
+ paste - merge corresponding or subsequent lines of files
+
+SYNOPSIS
+ paste [-s][-d list] file...
+
+DESCRIPTION
+ The paste utility shall concatenate the corresponding
+ lines of the given input files, and write the resulting
+ lines to standard output.
+
+ The default operation of paste shall concatenate the
+ corresponding lines of the input files. The <newline> of
+ every line except the line from the last input file
+ shall be replaced with a <tab>.
+
+ If an end-of-file condition is detected on one or more
+ input files, but not all input files, paste shall behave
+ as though empty lines were read from the files on which
+ end-of-file was detected, unless the -s option is speci-
+ fied.
+
+OPTIONS
+ The paste utility shall conform to the Base Definitions
+ volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility
+ Syntax Guidelines.
+
+ The following options shall be supported:
+
+ -d list
+ Unless a backslash character appears in list,
+ each character in list is an element specifying a
+ delimiter character. If a backslash character
+ appears in list, the backslash character and one
+ or more characters following it are an element
+ specifying a delimiter character as described
+ below. These elements specify one or more delim-
+ iters to use, instead of the default <tab>, to
+ replace the <newline> of the input lines. The
+ elements in list shall be used circularly; that
+ is, when the list is exhausted the first element
+ from the list is reused. When the -s option is
+ specified:
+
+ The last <newline> in a file shall not be modi-
+ fied.
+
+ The delimiter shall be reset to the first element
+ of list after each file operand is processed.
+
+ When the -s option is not specified:
+
+ The <newline>s in the file specified by the last
+ file operand shall not be modified.
+
+ The delimiter shall be reset to the first element
+ of list each time a line is processed from each
+ file.
+
+ If a backslash character appears in list, it and the
+ character following it shall be used to represent the
+ following delimiter characters:
+
+ \n <newline>.
+
+ \t <tab>.
+
+ \\ Backslash character.
+
+ \0 Empty string (not a null character). If '\0' is
+ immediately followed by the character 'x' , the
+ character 'X' , or any character defined by the
+ LC_CTYPE digit keyword (see the Base Definitions
+ volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Chapter 7,
+ Locale), the results are unspecified.
+
+
+ If any other characters follow the backslash, the
+ results are unspecified.
+
+ -s Concatenate all of the lines of each separate
+ input file in command line order. The <newline>
+ of every line except the last line in each input
+ file shall be replaced with the <tab>, unless
+ otherwise specified by the -d option.
+
+
+OPERANDS
+ The following operand shall be supported:
+
+ file A pathname of an input file. If '-' is specified
+ for one or more of the files, the standard input
+ shall be used; the standard input shall be read
+ one line at a time, circularly, for each instance
+ of '-' . Implementations shall support pasting of
+ at least 12 file operands.
+
+
+STDIN
+ The standard input shall be used only if one or more
+ file operands is '-' . See the INPUT FILES section.
+
+INPUT FILES
+ The input files shall be text files, except that line
+ lengths shall be unlimited.
+
+ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+ The following environment variables shall affect the
+ execution of paste:
+
+ LANG Provide a default value for the internationaliza-
+ tion variables that are unset or null. (See the
+ Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
+ Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables for
+ the precedence of internationalization variables
+ used to determine the values of locale cate-
+ gories.)
+
+ LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the
+ values of all the other internationalization
+ variables.
+
+ LC_CTYPE
+ Determine the locale for the interpretation of
+ sequences of bytes of text data as characters
+ (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-
+ byte characters in arguments and input files).
+
+ LC_MESSAGES
+ Determine the locale that should be used to
+ affect the format and contents of diagnostic mes-
+ sages written to standard error.
+
+ NLSPATH
+ Determine the location of message catalogs for
+ the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
+
+
+ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
+ Default.
+
+STDOUT
+ Concatenated lines of input files shall be separated by
+ the <tab> (or other characters under the control of the
+ -d option) and terminated by a <newline>.
+
+STDERR
+ The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic
+ messages.
+
+OUTPUT FILES
+ None.
+
+EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
+ None.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+ The following exit values shall be returned:
+
+ 0 Successful completion.
+
+ >0 An error occurred.
+
+
+CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
+ If one or more input files cannot be opened when the -s
+ option is not specified, a diagnostic message shall be
+ written to standard error, but no output is written to
+ standard output. If the -s option is specified, the
+ paste utility shall provide the default behavior
+ described in Utility Description Defaults .
+
+ The following sections are informative.
+
+APPLICATION USAGE
+ When the escape sequences of the list option-argument
+ are used in a shell script, they must be quoted; other-
+ wise, the shell treats the '\' as a special character.
+
+ Conforming applications should only use the specific
+ backslash escaped delimiters presented in this volume of
+ IEEE Std 1003.1-2001. Historical implementations treat
+ '\x' , where 'x' is not in this list, as 'x' , but
+ future implementations are free to expand this list to
+ recognize other common escapes similar to those accepted
+ by printf and other standard utilities.
+
+ Most of the standard utilities work on text files. The
+ cut utility can be used to turn files with arbitrary
+ line lengths into a set of text files containing the
+ same data. The paste utility can be used to create (or
+ recreate) files with arbitrary line lengths. For exam-
+ ple, if file contains long lines:
+
+
+ cut -b 1-500 -n file > file1
+ cut -b 501- -n file > file2
+
+ creates file1 (a text file) with lines no longer than
+ 500 bytes (plus the <newline>) and file2 that contains
+ the remainder of the data from file. Note that file2 is
+ not a text file if there are lines in file that are
+ longer than 500 + {LINE_MAX} bytes. The original file
+ can be recreated from file1 and file2 using the command:
+
+
+ paste -d "\0" file1 file2 > file
+
+ The commands:
+
+
+ paste -d "\0" ...
+ paste -d "" ...
+
+ are not necessarily equivalent; the latter is not speci-
+ fied by this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 and may
+ result in an error. The construct '\0' is used to mean
+ "no separator" because historical versions of paste did
+ not follow the syntax guidelines, and the command:
+
+
+ paste -d"" ...
+
+ could not be handled properly by getopt().
+
+EXAMPLES
+ Write out a directory in four columns:
+
+
+ ls | paste - - - -
+
+ Combine pairs of lines from a file into single lines:
+
+
+ paste -s -d "\t\n" file
+
+RATIONALE
+ None.
+
+FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+ None.
+
+SEE ALSO
+ Utility Description Defaults , cut , grep , pr
+
+COPYRIGHT
+ Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in
+ electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition,
+ Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operat-
+ ing System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Speci-
+ fications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Insti-
+ tute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and
+ The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
+ this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group
+ Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
+ is the referee document. The original Standard can be
+ obtained online at http://www.open-
+ group.org/unix/online.html .
+
+
+
+POSIX 2003 paste(P)