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+sort(P)                                                 sort(P)
+
+
+
+
+
+NAME
+       sort - sort, merge, or sequence check text files
+
+SYNOPSIS
+       sort  [-m][-o  output][-bdfinru][-t  char][-k keydef]...
+       [file...]
+
+       sort -c [-bdfinru][-t char][-k keydef][file]
+
+
+DESCRIPTION
+       The sort utility shall  perform  one  of  the  following
+       functions:
+
+       Sort lines of all the named files together and write the
+       result to the specified output.
+
+       Merge lines of all the named (presorted) files  together
+       and write the result to the specified output.
+
+       Check that a single input file is correctly presorted.
+
+       Comparisons  shall  be  based  on  one or more sort keys
+       extracted from each line of input (or, if no  sort  keys
+       are specified, the entire line up to, but not including,
+       the terminating <newline>), and shall be performed using
+       the collating sequence of the current locale.
+
+OPTIONS
+       The  sort  utility shall conform to the Base Definitions
+       volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,  Section  12.2,  Utility
+       Syntax  Guidelines, and the -k keydef option should fol-
+       low the -b, -d, -f, -i, -n, and -r options.
+
+       The following options shall be supported:
+
+       -c     Check that the single input file  is  ordered  as
+              specified  by  the  arguments  and  the collating
+              sequence of the current locale. No  output  shall
+              be   produced;   only  the  exit  code  shall  be
+              affected.
+
+       -m     Merge only; the input file shall be assumed to be
+              already sorted.
+
+       -o  output
+              Specify  the  name  of  an output file to be used
+              instead of the standard output. This file can  be
+              the same as one of the input files.
+
+       -u     Unique: suppress all but one in each set of lines
+              having equal keys.  If used with the  -c  option,
+              check  that  there  are  no  lines with duplicate
+              keys, in addition to checking that the input file
+              is sorted.
+
+
+       The  following options shall override the default order-
+       ing rules. When ordering options appear  independent  of
+       any key field specifications, the requested field order-
+       ing rules shall be applied globally to  all  sort  keys.
+       When  attached to a specific key (see -k), the specified
+       ordering options  shall  override  all  global  ordering
+       options for that key.
+
+       -d     Specify that only <blank>s and alphanumeric char-
+              acters,  according  to  the  current  setting  of
+              LC_CTYPE  ,  shall be significant in comparisons.
+              The behavior is undefined for a sort key to which
+              -i or -n also applies.
+
+       -f     Consider   all  lowercase  characters  that  have
+              uppercase equivalents, according to  the  current
+              setting of LC_CTYPE , to be the uppercase equiva-
+              lent for the purposes of comparison.
+
+       -i     Ignore all  characters  that  are  non-printable,
+              according to the current setting of LC_CTYPE .
+
+       -n     Restrict  the  sort  key  to  an  initial numeric
+              string, consisting of optional <blank>s, optional
+              minus  sign,  and  zero  or  more  digits with an
+              optional radix character and thousands separators
+              (as  defined  in the current locale), which shall
+              be sorted by arithmetic  value.  An  empty  digit
+              string  shall  be treated as zero.  Leading zeros
+              and signs on zeros shall not affect ordering.
+
+       -r     Reverse the sense of comparisons.
+
+
+       The treatment of field separators can be  altered  using
+       the options:
+
+       -b     Ignore  leading  <blank>s  when  determining  the
+              starting and ending  positions  of  a  restricted
+              sort  key.  If  the -b option is specified before
+              the first -k option, it shall be applied  to  all
+              -k  options.  Otherwise,  the  -b  option  can be
+              attached independently to each -k field_start  or
+              field_end option-argument (see below).
+
+       -t  char
+              Use  char  as the field separator character; char
+              shall not be considered to be  part  of  a  field
+              (although it can be included in a sort key). Each
+              occurrence of  char  shall  be  significant  (for
+              example,  <char><char>  delimits an empty field).
+              If -t is not specified, <blank>s shall be used as
+              default  field separators; each maximal non-empty
+              sequence of <blank>s that follows a non-  <blank>
+              shall be a field separator.
+
+
+       Sort keys can be specified using the options:
+
+       -k  keydef
+              The  keydef  argument  is  a  restricted sort key
+              field definition.  The format of this  definition
+              is:
+
+
+              field_start[type][,field_end[type]]
+
+       where  field_start  and  field_end  define  a  key field
+       restricted to a portion of the line  (see  the  EXTENDED
+       DESCRIPTION  section),  and  type is a modifier from the
+       list of characters 'b' , 'd' , 'f' , 'i' , 'n' ,  'r'  .
+       The  'b'  modifier  shall behave like the -b option, but
+       shall apply only to  the  field_start  or  field_end  to
+       which  it is attached.  The other modifiers shall behave
+       like the corresponding options, but shall apply only  to
+       the  key  field  to  which they are attached; they shall
+       have  this  effect  if   specified   with   field_start,
+       field_end,  or  both.  If  any modifier is attached to a
+       field_start or to a field_end, no option shall apply  to
+       either.  Implementations  shall  support  at  least nine
+       occurrences of the -k option, which shall be significant
+       in  command  line order. If no -k option is specified, a
+       default sort key of the entire line shall be used.
+
+       When there are multiple key fields, later keys shall  be
+       compared  only  after  all  earlier  keys compare equal.
+       Except when the -u option is specified, lines that  oth-
+       erwise  compare equal shall be ordered as if none of the
+       options -d, -f, -i, -n, or -k were present (but with  -r
+       still in effect, if it was specified) and with all bytes
+       in the lines significant to the comparison. The order in
+       which  lines  that  still  compare  equal are written is
+       unspecified.
+
+
+OPERANDS
+       The following operand shall be supported:
+
+       file   A pathname of a file to  be  sorted,  merged,  or
+              checked. If no file operands are specified, or if
+              a file operand is '-' , the standard input  shall
+              be used.
+
+
+STDIN
+       The  standard  input shall be used only if no file oper-
+       ands are specified, or if a file operand is '-'  .   See
+       the INPUT FILES section.
+
+INPUT FILES
+       The  input  files  shall  be text files, except that the
+       sort utility shall add a <newline> to the end of a  file
+       ending with an incomplete last line.
+
+ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+       The  following  environment  variables  shall affect the
+       execution of sort:
+
+       LANG   Provide a default value for the internationaliza-
+              tion  variables  that are unset or null. (See the
+              Base Definitions volume of  IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
+              Section  8.2,  Internationalization Variables for
+              the precedence of internationalization  variables
+              used  to  determine  the  values  of locale cate-
+              gories.)
+
+       LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override  the
+              values  of  all  the  other  internationalization
+              variables.
+
+       LC_COLLATE
+
+              Determine the locale for ordering rules.
+
+       LC_CTYPE
+              Determine the locale for  the  interpretation  of
+              sequences  of  bytes  of  text data as characters
+              (for example, single-byte as  opposed  to  multi-
+              byte characters in arguments and input files) and
+              the behavior of character classification for  the
+              -b, -d, -f, -i, and -n options.
+
+       LC_MESSAGES
+              Determine  the  locale  that  should  be  used to
+              affect the format and contents of diagnostic mes-
+              sages written to standard error.
+
+       LC_NUMERIC
+
+              Determine  the  locale  for the definition of the
+              radix character and thousands separator  for  the
+              -n option.
+
+       NLSPATH
+              Determine  the  location  of message catalogs for
+              the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
+
+
+ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
+       Default.
+
+STDOUT
+       Unless the -o or -c options are in effect, the  standard
+       output shall contain the sorted input.
+
+STDERR
+       The  standard  error  shall  be used for diagnostic mes-
+       sages. A warning message about correcting an  incomplete
+       last  line  of  an input file may be generated, but need
+       not affect the final exit status.
+
+OUTPUT FILES
+       If the -o option is in effect, the sorted input shall be
+       written to the file output.
+
+EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
+       The notation:
+
+
+              -k field_start[type][,field_end[type]]
+
+       shall  define a key field that begins at field_start and
+       ends at field_end inclusive,  unless  field_start  falls
+       beyond  the end of the line or after field_end, in which
+       case the key field is empty. A missing  field_end  shall
+       mean the last character of the line.
+
+       A  field  comprises a maximal sequence of non-separating
+       characters and, in the absence of option -t, any preced-
+       ing field separator.
+
+       The  field_start  portion  of the keydef option-argument
+       shall have the form:
+
+
+              field_number[.first_character]
+
+       Fields and characters within fields  shall  be  numbered
+       starting  with  1.  The field_number and first_character
+       pieces, interpreted as positive decimal integers,  shall
+       specify the first character to be used as part of a sort
+       key. If .first_character is omitted, it shall  refer  to
+       the first character of the field.
+
+       The  field_end  portion  of  the  keydef option-argument
+       shall have the form:
+
+
+              field_number[.last_character]
+
+       The  field_number  shall  be  as  described  above   for
+       field_start.  The last_character piece, interpreted as a
+       non-negative decimal integer,  shall  specify  the  last
+       character  to  be  used  as  part  of  the  sort key. If
+       last_character evaluates to zero or  .last_character  is
+       omitted,  it  shall  refer  to the last character of the
+       field specified by field_number.
+
+       If the -b option or b type modifier is in effect,  char-
+       acters  within  a  field shall be counted from the first
+       non- <blank> in the field. (This shall apply  separately
+       to first_character and last_character.)
+
+EXIT STATUS
+       The following exit values shall be returned:
+
+        0     All  input  files were output successfully, or -c
+              was specified and the input  file  was  correctly
+              sorted.
+
+        1     Under  the -c option, the file was not ordered as
+              specified, or if the -c and -u options were  both
+              specified,  two input lines were found with equal
+              keys.
+
+       >1     An error occurred.
+
+
+CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
+       Default.
+
+       The following sections are informative.
+
+APPLICATION USAGE
+       The default value for -t, <blank>, has different proper-
+       ties  from,  for  example,  -t "<space>". If a line con-
+       tains:
+
+
+              <space><space>foo
+
+       the following treatment would occur with default separa-
+       tion as opposed to specifically selecting a <space>:
+   Field     Default               -t "<space>"
+   1         <space><space>foo     empty
+   2         empty                 empty
+   3         empty                 foo
+
+       The  leading  field  separator  itself  is included in a
+       field when -t is not used.  For  example,  this  command
+       returns  an  exit  status of zero, meaning the input was
+       already sorted:
+
+
+              sort -c -k 2 <<eof
+              y<tab>b
+              x<space>a
+              eof
+
+       (assuming that a <tab> precedes the <space> in the  cur-
+       rent  collating  sequence).  The  field separator is not
+       included in a field when it is explicitly  set  via  -t.
+       This is historical practice and allows usage such as:
+
+
+              sort -t "|" -k 2n <<eof
+              Atlanta|425022|Georgia
+              Birmingham|284413|Alabama
+              Columbia|100385|South Carolina
+              eof
+
+       where  the  second field can be correctly sorted numeri-
+       cally without regard to the non-numeric field separator.
+
+       The  wording  in  the OPTIONS section clarifies that the
+       -b, -d, -f, -i, -n, and -r options have to  come  before
+       the  first  sort  key  specified if they are intended to
+       apply to all specified keys. The way it is described  in
+       this  volume  of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 matches historical
+       practice, not historical documentation. The results  are
+       unspecified  if  these  options are specified after a -k
+       option.
+
+       The -f option might not  work  as  expected  in  locales
+       where  there  is  not  a  one-to-one  mapping between an
+       uppercase and a lowercase letter.
+
+EXAMPLES
+       The following command sorts the contents of infile  with
+       the second field as the sort key:
+
+
+              sort -k 2,2 infile
+
+       The  following command sorts, in reverse order, the con-
+       tents of infile1 and infile2, placing the output in out-
+       file  and using the second character of the second field
+       as the sort key (assuming that the  first  character  of
+       the second field is the field separator):
+
+
+              sort -r -o outfile -k 2.2,2.2 infile1 infile2
+
+       The  following command sorts the contents of infile1 and
+       infile2 using the second  non-  <blank>  of  the  second
+       field as the sort key:
+
+
+              sort -k 2.2b,2.2b infile1 infile2
+
+       The  following command prints the System V password file
+       (user database) sorted by the numeric user ID (the third
+       colon-separated field):
+
+
+              sort -t : -k 3,3n /etc/passwd
+
+       The  following  command  prints the lines of the already
+       sorted file infile, suppressing all but  one  occurrence
+       of lines having the same third field:
+
+
+              sort -um -k 3.1,3.0 infile
+
+RATIONALE
+       Examples  in  some  historical  documentation state that
+       options -um with one input file keep the first  in  each
+       set  of  lines with equal keys. This behavior was deemed
+       to be an implementation artifact and was  not  standard-
+       ized.
+
+       The  -z  option was omitted; it is not standard practice
+       on most systems and is inconsistent with using  sort  to
+       sort  several  files  individually  and  then merge them
+       together. The text concerning -z in historical  documen-
+       tation  appeared to require implementations to determine
+       the proper buffer length during the sort phase of opera-
+       tion, but not during the merge.
+
+       The  -y  option  was omitted because of non-portability.
+       The -M option, present in System V, was omitted  because
+       of non-portability in international usage.
+
+       An  undocumented  -T  option  exists in some implementa-
+       tions. It is used to specify a directory for  intermedi-
+       ate  files.   Implementations  are encouraged to support
+       the use of the TMPDIR environment  variable  instead  of
+       adding an option to support this functionality.
+
+       The  -k  option  was  added  to  satisfy two objections.
+       First, the zero-based counting used by sort is not  con-
+       sistent  with  other utility conventions. Second, it did
+       not meet syntax guideline requirements.
+
+       Historical  documentation  indicates  that  "setting  -n
+       implies  -b".  The description of -n already states that
+       optional leading <blank>s are  tolerated  in  doing  the
+       comparison.   If  -b is enabled, rather than implied, by
+       -n, this has unusual side effects. When a character off-
+       set is used in a column of numbers (for example, to sort
+       modulo 100), that offset is  measured  relative  to  the
+       most  significant digit, not to the column. Based upon a
+       recommendation from the  author  of  the  original  sort
+       utility,  the  -b implication has been omitted from this
+       volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, and an application wish-
+       ing to achieve the previously mentioned side effects has
+       to code the -b flag explicitly.
+
+FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+       None.
+
+SEE ALSO
+       comm , join , uniq , the  System  Interfaces  volume  of
+       IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, toupper()
+
+COPYRIGHT
+       Portions  of  this  text are reprinted and reproduced in
+       electronic form from  IEEE  Std  1003.1,  2003  Edition,
+       Standard  for Information Technology -- Portable Operat-
+       ing System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Speci-
+       fications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Insti-
+       tute of Electrical and Electronics  Engineers,  Inc  and
+       The  Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
+       this version and the original IEEE and  The  Open  Group
+       Standard,  the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
+       is the referee document. The original  Standard  can  be
+       obtained        online        at        http://www.open-
+       group.org/unix/online.html .
+
+
+
+POSIX                         2003                      sort(P)