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+who(P)                                                   who(P)
+
+
+
+
+
+NAME
+       who - display who is on the system
+
+SYNOPSIS
+       who [-mTu]
+
+
+
+       who [-mu]-s[-bHlprt][file]
+
+       who [-mTu][-abdHlprt][file]
+
+       who -q [file]
+
+       who am i
+
+       who am I
+
+
+DESCRIPTION
+       The who utility shall list various pieces of information
+       about accessible users. The domain of  accessibility  is
+       implementation-defined.
+
+       Based on the options given, who can also list the user's
+       name, terminal line,  login  time,  elapsed  time  since
+       activity occurred on the line, and the process ID of the
+       command interpreter for each current system user.
+
+OPTIONS
+       The who utility shall conform to  the  Base  Definitions
+       volume  of  IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,  Section 12.2, Utility
+       Syntax Guidelines.
+
+       The following options shall be supported. The  metavari-
+       ables,  such as <line>, refer to fields described in the
+       STDOUT section.
+
+       -a     Process the  implementation-defined  database  or
+              named  file  with  the -b, -d, -l, -p, -r, -t, -T
+              and -u options turned on.
+
+       -b     Write the time and date of the last reboot.
+
+       -d     Write a list of all processes that  have  expired
+              and   not  been  respawned  by  the  init  system
+              process. The <exit> field shall appear  for  dead
+              processes  and  contain  the termination and exit
+              values of the dead process. This can be useful in
+              determining why a process terminated.
+
+       -H     Write column headings above the regular output.
+
+       -l     (The  letter ell.) List only those lines on which
+              the system is waiting for someone to  login.  The
+              <name>  field shall be LOGIN in such cases. Other
+              fields shall be the  same  as  for  user  entries
+              except that the <state> field does not exist.
+
+       -m     Output  only information about the current termi-
+              nal.
+
+       -p     List any other process that is  currently  active
+              and has been previously spawned by init.
+
+       -q     (Quick.)  List  only  the names and the number of
+              users currently logged on. When  this  option  is
+              used, all other options shall be ignored.
+
+       -r     Write  the current run-level of the init process.
+
+       -s     List only the <name>, <line>, and <time>  fields.
+              This is the default case.
+
+       -t     Indicate the last change to the system clock.
+
+       -T     Show  the state of each terminal, as described in
+              the STDOUT section.
+
+       -u     Write "idle time"  for  each  displayed  user  in
+              addition  to any other information. The idle time
+              is the time since any activity  occurred  on  the
+              user's  terminal.  The method of determining this
+              is unspecified.    This option  shall  list  only
+              those  users  who  are  currently  logged in. The
+              <name> is the user's login name.  The  <line>  is
+              the  name  of  the line as found in the directory
+              /dev. The <time> is the time that the user logged
+              in.  The  <activity>  is  the number of hours and
+              minutes since activity last occurred on that par-
+              ticular  line.  A dot indicates that the terminal
+              has seen activity  in  the  last  minute  and  is
+              therefore  "current".  If  more  than twenty-four
+              hours have elapsed or the line has not been  used
+              since boot time, the entry shall be marked <old>.
+              This field is useful  when  trying  to  determine
+              whether  a  person  is working at the terminal or
+              not. The <pid> is the process ID  of  the  user's
+              login process.
+
+
+OPERANDS
+       The following operands shall be supported:
+
+       am i, am I
+              In the POSIX locale, limit the output to describ-
+              ing the  invoking  user,  equivalent  to  the  -m
+              option.  The am and i or I must be separate argu-
+              ments.
+
+       file   Specify a pathname of a file  to  substitute  for
+              the  implementation-defined database of logged-on
+              users that who uses by default.
+
+
+STDIN
+       Not used.
+
+INPUT FILES
+       None.
+
+ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+       The following environment  variables  shall  affect  the
+       execution of who:
+
+       LANG   Provide a default value for the internationaliza-
+              tion variables that are unset or null.  (See  the
+              Base  Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
+              Section 8.2, Internationalization  Variables  for
+              the  precedence of internationalization variables
+              used to determine  the  values  of  locale  cate-
+              gories.)
+
+       LC_ALL If  set to a non-empty string value, override the
+              values  of  all  the  other  internationalization
+              variables.
+
+       LC_CTYPE
+              Determine  the  locale  for the interpretation of
+              sequences of bytes of  text  data  as  characters
+              (for  example,  single-byte  as opposed to multi-
+              byte characters in arguments).
+
+       LC_MESSAGES
+              Determine the  locale  that  should  be  used  to
+              affect the format and contents of diagnostic mes-
+              sages written to standard error.
+
+       LC_TIME
+              Determine the locale used for the format and con-
+              tents of the date and time strings.
+
+       NLSPATH
+              Determine  the  location  of message catalogs for
+              the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
+
+       TZ     Determine the timezone used when writing date and
+              time  information.   If  TZ  is unset or null, an
+              unspecified default timezone shall be used.
+
+
+ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
+       Default.
+
+STDOUT
+       The who utility shall write its default  format  to  the
+       standard  output  in  an  implementation-defined format,
+       subject only to the requirement of containing the infor-
+       mation described above.
+
+       XSI-conformant  systems shall write the default informa-
+       tion to the standard output  in  the  following  general
+       format:
+
+
+              <name>[<state>]<line><time>[<activity>][<pid>][<comment>][<exit>] <img
+               src="../images/opt-end.gif" border="0">
+
+       The following format shall be used for the -T option:
+
+
+              "%s %c %s %s\n" <name>, <terminal state>, <terminal name>,
+                  <time of login>
+
+       where  <terminal state>  is one of the following charac-
+       ters:
+
+       +      The terminal allows write access to other  users.
+
+       -      The  terminal denies write access to other users.
+
+       ?      The terminal write-access state cannot be  deter-
+              mined.
+
+
+       In the POSIX locale, the <time of login> shall be equiv-
+       alent in format to the output of:
+
+
+              date +"%b %e %H:%M"
+
+       If the -u option is used with -T, the idle time shall be
+       added  to  the end of the previous format in an unspeci-
+       fied format.
+
+STDERR
+       The standard error shall be  used  only  for  diagnostic
+       messages.
+
+OUTPUT FILES
+       None.
+
+EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
+       None.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+       The following exit values shall be returned:
+
+        0     Successful completion.
+
+       >0     An error occurred.
+
+
+CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
+       Default.
+
+       The following sections are informative.
+
+APPLICATION USAGE
+       The  name  init  used for the system process is the most
+       commonly used on historical systems, but it may vary.
+
+       The "domain of accessibility" referred  to  is  a  broad
+       concept  that  permits  interpretation  either on a very
+       secure basis or even to allow a network-wide implementa-
+       tion like the historical rwho.
+
+EXAMPLES
+       None.
+
+RATIONALE
+       Due  to  differences between historical implementations,
+       the base options provided were  a  compromise  to  allow
+       users  to work with those functions. The standard devel-
+       opers also considered removing all the options, but felt
+       that these options offered users valuable functionality.
+       Additional  options  to  match  historical  systems  are
+       available on XSI-conformant systems.
+
+       It  is recognized that the who command may be of limited
+       usefulness, especially in a multi-level secure  environ-
+       ment.  The standard developers considered, however, that
+       having some standard method of determining the "accessi-
+       bility" of other users would aid user portability.
+
+       No  format  was specified for the default who output for
+       systems not supporting the  XSI  Extension.  In  such  a
+       user-oriented command, designed only for human use, this
+       was not considered to be a deficiency.
+
+       The format of the terminal name is unspecified, but  the
+       descriptions  of  ps,  talk, and write require that they
+       use the same format.
+
+       It is acceptable for an  implementation  to  produce  no
+       output for an invocation of who mil.
+
+FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+       None.
+
+SEE ALSO
+       mesg
+
+COPYRIGHT
+       Portions  of  this  text are reprinted and reproduced in
+       electronic form from  IEEE  Std  1003.1,  2003  Edition,
+       Standard  for Information Technology -- Portable Operat-
+       ing System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Speci-
+       fications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Insti-
+       tute of Electrical and Electronics  Engineers,  Inc  and
+       The  Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
+       this version and the original IEEE and  The  Open  Group
+       Standard,  the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
+       is the referee document. The original  Standard  can  be
+       obtained        online        at        http://www.open-
+       group.org/unix/online.html .
+
+
+
+POSIX                         2003                       who(P)