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+echo(P) echo(P)
+
+
+
+
+
+NAME
+ echo - write arguments to standard output
+
+SYNOPSIS
+ echo [string ...]
+
+DESCRIPTION
+ The echo utility writes its arguments to standard out-
+ put, followed by a <newline>. If there are no arguments,
+ only the <newline> is written.
+
+OPTIONS
+ The echo utility shall not recognize the "--" argument
+ in the manner specified by Guideline 10 of the Base Def-
+ initions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2,
+ Utility Syntax Guidelines; "--" shall be recognized as a
+ string operand.
+
+ Implementations shall not support any options.
+
+OPERANDS
+ The following operands shall be supported:
+
+ string A string to be written to standard output. If the
+ first operand is -n, or if any of the operands
+ contain a backslash ( '\' ) character, the
+ results are implementation-defined.
+
+ On XSI-conformant systems, if the first operand is -n,
+ it shall be treated as a string, not an option. The fol-
+ lowing character sequences shall be recognized on XSI-
+ conformant systems within any of the arguments:
+
+ \a Write an <alert>.
+
+ \b Write a <backspace>.
+
+ \c Suppress the <newline> that otherwise follows the
+ final argument in the output. All characters fol-
+ lowing the '\c' in the arguments shall be
+ ignored.
+
+ \f Write a <form-feed>.
+
+ \n Write a <newline>.
+
+ \r Write a <carriage-return>.
+
+ \t Write a <tab>.
+
+ \v Write a <vertical-tab>.
+
+ \\ Write a backslash character.
+
+ \0num Write an 8-bit value that is the zero, one, two,
+ or three-digit octal number num.
+
+
+
+STDIN
+ Not used.
+
+INPUT FILES
+ None.
+
+ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+ The following environment variables shall affect the
+ execution of echo:
+
+ LANG Provide a default value for the internationaliza-
+ tion variables that are unset or null. (See the
+ Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
+ Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables for
+ the precedence of internationalization variables
+ used to determine the values of locale cate-
+ gories.)
+
+ LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the
+ values of all the other internationalization
+ variables.
+
+ LC_CTYPE
+ Determine the locale for the interpretation of
+ sequences of bytes of text data as characters
+ (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-
+ byte characters in arguments).
+
+ LC_MESSAGES
+ Determine the locale that should be used to
+ affect the format and contents of diagnostic mes-
+ sages written to standard error.
+
+ NLSPATH
+ Determine the location of message catalogs for
+ the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
+
+
+ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
+ Default.
+
+STDOUT
+ The echo utility arguments shall be separated by single
+ <space>s and a <newline> shall follow the last argument.
+ Output transformations shall occur based on the escape
+ sequences in the input. See the OPERANDS section. <img
+ src="../images/opt-end.gif" alt="[Option End]" bor-
+ der="0">
+
+STDERR
+ The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic
+ messages.
+
+OUTPUT FILES
+ None.
+
+EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
+ None.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+ The following exit values shall be returned:
+
+ 0 Successful completion.
+
+ >0 An error occurred.
+
+
+CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
+ Default.
+
+ The following sections are informative.
+
+APPLICATION USAGE
+ It is not possible to use echo portably across all POSIX
+ systems unless both -n (as the first argument) and
+ escape sequences are omitted.
+
+ The printf utility can be used portably to emulate any
+ of the traditional behaviors of the echo utility as fol-
+ lows (assuming that IFS has its standard value or is
+ unset):
+
+ The historic System V echo and the requirements
+ on XSI implementations in this volume of
+ IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 are equivalent to:
+
+
+ printf "%b\n" "$*"
+
+ The BSD echo is equivalent to:
+
+
+ if [ "X$1" = "X-n" ]
+ then
+ shift
+ printf "%s" "$*"
+ else
+ printf "%s\n" "$*"
+ fi
+
+ New applications are encouraged to use printf instead of
+ echo.
+
+EXAMPLES
+ None.
+
+RATIONALE
+ The echo utility has not been made obsolescent because
+ of its extremely widespread use in historical applica-
+ tions. Conforming applications that wish to do prompt-
+ ing without <newline>s or that could possibly be expect-
+ ing to echo a -n, should use the printf utility derived
+ from the Ninth Edition system.
+
+ As specified, echo writes its arguments in the simplest
+ of ways. The two different historical versions of echo
+ vary in fatally incompatible ways.
+
+ The BSD echo checks the first argument for the string -n
+ which causes it to suppress the <newline> that would
+ otherwise follow the final argument in the output.
+
+ The System V echo does not support any options, but
+ allows escape sequences within its operands, as
+ described for XSI implementations in the OPERANDS sec-
+ tion.
+
+ The echo utility does not support Utility Syntax Guide-
+ line 10 because historical applications depend on echo
+ to echo all of its arguments, except for the -n option
+ in the BSD version.
+
+FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+ None.
+
+SEE ALSO
+ printf
+
+COPYRIGHT
+ Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in
+ electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition,
+ Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operat-
+ ing System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Speci-
+ fications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Insti-
+ tute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and
+ The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
+ this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group
+ Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
+ is the referee document. The original Standard can be
+ obtained online at http://www.open-
+ group.org/unix/online.html .
+
+
+
+POSIX 2003 echo(P)