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expand(P) expand(P)
NAME
expand - convert tabs to spaces
SYNOPSIS
expand [-t tablist][file ...]
DESCRIPTION
The expand utility shall write files or the standard
input to the standard output with <tab>s replaced with
one or more <space>s needed to pad to the next tab stop.
Any <backspace>s shall be copied to the output and cause
the column position count for tab stop calculations to
be decremented; the column position count shall not be
decremented below zero.
OPTIONS
The expand utility shall conform to the Base Definitions
volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility
Syntax Guidelines.
The following option shall be supported:
-t tablist
Specify the tab stops. The application shall
ensure that the argument tablist consists of
either a single positive decimal integer or a
list of tabstops. If a single number is given,
tabs shall be set that number of column positions
apart instead of the default 8.
If a list of tabstops is given, the application shall
ensure that it consists of a list of two or more posi-
tive decimal integers, separated by <blank>s or commas,
in ascending order. The tabs shall be set at those spe-
cific column positions. Each tab stop N shall be an
integer value greater than zero, and the list is in
strictly ascending order. This is taken to mean that,
from the start of a line of output, tabbing to position
N shall cause the next character output to be in the (
N+1)th column position on that line.
In the event of expand having to process a <tab> at a
position beyond the last of those specified in a multi-
ple tab-stop list, the <tab> shall be replaced by a sin-
gle <space> in the output.
OPERANDS
The following operand shall be supported:
file The pathname of a text file to be used as input.
STDIN
See the INPUT FILES section.
INPUT FILES
Input files shall be text files.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables shall affect the
execution of expand:
LANG Provide a default value for the
internationalization variables that are unset or
null. (See the Base Definitions volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2, International-
ization Variables for the precedence of interna-
tionalization variables used to determine the
values of locale categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the
values of all the other internationalization
variables.
LC_CTYPE
Determine the locale for the interpretation of
sequences of bytes of text data as characters
(for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-
byte characters in arguments and input files),
the processing of <tab>s and <space>s, and for
the determination of the width in column posi-
tions each character would occupy on an output
device.
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to
affect the format and contents of diagnostic mes-
sages written to standard error.
NLSPATH
Determine the location of message catalogs for
the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
Default.
STDOUT
The standard output shall be equivalent to the input
files with <tab>s converted into the appropriate number
of <space>s.
STDERR
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic
messages.
OUTPUT FILES
None.
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
None.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 Successful completion
>0 An error occurred.
CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
The expand utility shall terminate with an error message
and non-zero exit status upon encountering difficulties
accessing one of the file operands.
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
None.
EXAMPLES
None.
RATIONALE
The expand utility is useful for preprocessing text
files (before sorting, looking at specific columns, and
so on) that contain <tab>s.
See the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
Section 3.103, Column Position.
The tablist option-argument consists of integers in
ascending order. Utility Syntax Guideline 8 mandates
that expand shall accept the integers (within the single
argument) separated using either commas or <blank>s.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
tabs , unexpand
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in
electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition,
Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operat-
ing System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Speci-
fications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Insti-
tute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and
The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group
Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be
obtained online at http://www.open-
group.org/unix/online.html .
POSIX 2003 expand(P)
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