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<li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Other changes</a></li>
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<section id="other-changes">
<h1>Other changes<a class="headerlink" href="#other-changes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Maintainer</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p>Masatake YAMATO <<a class="reference external" href="mailto:yamato%40redhat.com">yamato<span>@</span>redhat<span>.</span>com</a>></p>
</dd>
</dl>
<div class="contents local topic" id="table-of-contents">
<p class="topic-title"><cite>Table of contents</cite></p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#new-and-extended-options" id="id1">New and extended options</a></p>
<ul>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#exclude-exception-an-option-complementing-exclude" id="id2"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--exclude-exception</span></code>, an option complementing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--exclude</span></code></a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#maxdepth-option" id="id3"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--maxdepth</span></code> option</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#input-encoding-encoding-and-output-encoding-encoding" id="id4"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--input-encoding=ENCODING</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--output-encoding=ENCODING</span></code></a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#map-lang-option" id="id5"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--map-<LANG></span></code> option</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#guessing-parser-from-file-contents-g-option" id="id6">Guessing parser from file contents (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-G</span></code> option)</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#including-line-number-to-pattern-field" id="id7">Including line number to pattern field</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#long-names-in-kinds-fields-and-extra-options" id="id8">Long names in kinds, fields, and extra options</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#wildcard-in-options" id="id9">Wildcard in options</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#extra-tag-entries-extras" id="id10">Extra tag entries (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--extras</span></code>)</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#kinds-synchronization" id="id11">Kinds synchronization</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#enabling-disabling-pseudo-tags-pseudo-tags-option" id="id12">Enabling/disabling pseudo-tags (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--pseudo-tags</span></code> option)</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#put-field-prefix-options" id="id13"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--put-field-prefix</span></code> options</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#always-and-never-as-an-argument-for-tag-relative" id="id14">“always” and “never” as an argument for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--tag-relative</span></code></a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#defining-a-parser-specific-extra" id="id15">Defining a parser specific extra</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#defining-a-cpreprocessor-macro-from-command-line" id="id16">Defining a CPreProcessor macro from command line</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#options-for-inspecting-ctags-internals" id="id17">Options for inspecting ctags internals</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#notice-messages-and-quiet" id="id18">Notice messages and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--quiet</span></code></a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#skipping-utf-8-bom" id="id19">Skipping utf-8 BOM</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#interactive-mode" id="id20">Interactive mode</a></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#incompatible-changes-in-command-line" id="id21">Incompatible changes in command line</a></p>
<ul>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#d-option" id="id22"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-D</span></code> option</a></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#changes-imported-from-exuberant-ctags" id="id23">Changes imported from Exuberant Ctags</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#parser-related-changes" id="id24">Parser related changes</a></p>
<ul>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#new-parsers" id="id25">New parsers</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#fully-improved-parsers" id="id26">Fully improved parsers</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#automatically-expanding-cpreprocessor-macros-defined-in-the-same-input-file-highly-experimental" id="id27">Automatically expanding CPreProcessor macros defined in the same input file (HIGHLY EXPERIMENTAL)</a></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#readtags" id="id28">Readtags</a></p>
<ul>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#printing-line-numbers-with-n" id="id29">Printing line numbers with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-n</span></code></a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#filtering-in-readtags-command" id="id30">Filtering in readtags command</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#sorting-in-readtags-command" id="id31">Sorting in readtags command</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#listing-pseudo-tags-with-d" id="id32">Listing pseudo tags with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-D</span></code></a></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>Many changes have been introduced in Universal Ctags. Use git-log to
review changes not enumerated here, especially in language parsers.</p>
<section id="new-and-extended-options">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">New and extended options</a><a class="headerlink" href="#new-and-extended-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<section id="exclude-exception-an-option-complementing-exclude">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--exclude-exception</span></code>, an option complementing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--exclude</span></code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#exclude-exception-an-option-complementing-exclude" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#option-input-output-file"><span class="std std-ref">Input/Output File Options</span></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#ctags-1"><span class="std std-ref">ctags(1)</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="maxdepth-option">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--maxdepth</span></code> option</a><a class="headerlink" href="#maxdepth-option" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#option-input-output-file"><span class="std std-ref">Input/Output File Options</span></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#ctags-1"><span class="std std-ref">ctags(1)</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="input-encoding-encoding-and-output-encoding-encoding">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--input-encoding=ENCODING</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--output-encoding=ENCODING</span></code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#input-encoding-encoding-and-output-encoding-encoding" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>People may use their own native language in source code comments (or
sometimes in identifiers) and in such cases encoding may become an issue.
Nowadays UTF-8 is the most widely used encoding, but some source codes
still use legacy encodings like latin1, cp932 and so on. These options
are useful for such files.</p>
<p>ctags doesn’t consider the input encoding; it just reads input as a
sequence of bytes and uses them as is when writing tags entries.</p>
<p>On the other hand Vim does consider input encoding. When loading a
file, Vim converts the file contents into an internal format with one
of the encodings specified in its <cite>fileencodings</cite> option.</p>
<p>As a result of this difference, Vim cannot always move the cursor to
the definition of a tag as users expect when attempting to match the
patterns in a tags file.</p>
<p>The good news is that there is a way to notify Vim of the encoding
used in a tags file with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TAG_FILE_ENCODING</span></code> pseudo-tag.</p>
<p>Two new options have been introduced (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--input-encoding=IN</span></code> and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--output-encoding=OUT</span></code>).</p>
<p>Using the encoding specified with these options ctags converts input
from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IN</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OUT</span></code>. ctags uses the converted strings when writing
the pattern parts of each tag line. As a result the tags output is
encoded in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OUT</span></code> encoding.</p>
<p>In addition <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OUT</span></code> is specified at the top the tags file as the
value for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TAG_FILE_ENCODING</span></code> pseudo-tag. The default value of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OUT</span></code> is UTF-8.</p>
<p>NOTE: Converted input is NOT passed to language parsers.
The parsers still deal with input as a byte sequence.</p>
<p>With <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--input-encoding-<LANG>=IN</span></code>, you can specify a specific input
encoding for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LANG</span></code>. It overrides the global default value given
with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--input-encoding</span></code>.</p>
<p>The example usage can be found in <em>Tmain/{input,output}-encoding-option.d</em>.</p>
<p>Acceptable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IN</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OUT</span></code> values can be listed with <em>iconv -l</em> or
<em>iconv --list</em>. It is platform dependant.</p>
<p>To enable the option, libiconv is needed on your platform.
On Windows mingw (without msys2), you must specify <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">WITH_ICONV=yes</span></code>
like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">C</span><span class="p">:</span>\<span class="n">dev</span>\<span class="n">ctags</span><span class="o">></span><span class="n">mingw32</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">make</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">f</span> <span class="n">mk_mingw</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mak</span> <span class="n">WITH_ICONV</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">yes</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-features</span></code> helps you to know whether your ctags executable
links to libiconv or not. You will find <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">iconv</span></code> in the output if it
links to.</p>
<p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#option-output-format"><span class="std std-ref">Output Format Options</span></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#ctags-1"><span class="std std-ref">ctags(1)</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="map-lang-option">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--map-<LANG></span></code> option</a><a class="headerlink" href="#map-lang-option" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--map-<LANG></span></code> is newly introduced to control the file name
to language mappings (langmap) with finer granularity than
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--langmap</span></code> allows.</p>
<p>A langmap entry is defined as a pair; the name of the language and a
file name extension (or pattern).</p>
<p>Here we use “spec” as a generic term representing both file name
extensions and patterns.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--langmap</span></code> maps specs to languages exclusively:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ ctags --langdef=FOO --langmap=FOO:+.ABC \
--langdef=BAR --langmap=BAR:+.ABC \
--list-maps | grep '\*.ABC$'
BAR *.ABC
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Though language <cite>FOO</cite> is added before <cite>BAR</cite>, only <cite>BAR</cite> is set as a
handler for the spec <cite>*.ABC</cite>.</p>
<p>Universal Ctags enables multiple parsers to be configured for a spec.
The appropriate parser for a given input file can then be chosen by a
variety of internal guessing strategies (see <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#guessing"><span class="std std-ref">Determining file language</span></a>).</p>
<p>Let’s see how specs can be mapped non-exclusively with
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--map-<LANG></span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ ctags --langdef=FOO --map-FOO=+.ABC \
--langdef=BAR --map-BAR=+.ABC \
--list-maps | grep '\*.ABC$'
FOO *.ABC
BAR *.ABC
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Both <cite>FOO</cite> and <cite>BAR</cite> are registered as handlers for the spec <cite>*.ABC</cite>.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--map-<LANG></span></code> can also be used for removing a langmap entry.:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ ctags --langdef=FOO --map-FOO=+.ABC \
--langdef=BAR --map-BAR=+.ABC \
--map-FOO=-.ABC --list-maps | grep '\*.ABC$'
BAR *.ABC
$ ctags --langdef=FOO --map-FOO=+.ABC \
--langdef=BAR --map-BAR=+.ABC \
--map-BAR=-.ABC --list-maps | grep '\*.ABC$'
FOO *.ABC
$ ctags --langdef=FOO --map-FOO=+.ABC \
--langdef=BAR --map-BAR=+.ABC \
--map-BAR=-.ABC --map-FOO=-.ABC --list-maps | grep '\*.ABC$'
(NOTHING)
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--langmap</span></code> provides a way to manipulate the langmap in a
spec-centric manner and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--map-<LANG></span></code> provides a way to manipulate
the langmap in a parser-centric manner.</p>
<p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#option-lang-mapping"><span class="std std-ref">Language Selection and Mapping Options</span></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#ctags-1"><span class="std std-ref">ctags(1)</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="guessing-parser-from-file-contents-g-option">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Guessing parser from file contents (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-G</span></code> option)</a><a class="headerlink" href="#guessing-parser-from-file-contents-g-option" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#guessing"><span class="std std-ref">Determining file language</span></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#ctags-1"><span class="std std-ref">ctags(1)</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="including-line-number-to-pattern-field">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Including line number to pattern field</a><a class="headerlink" href="#including-line-number-to-pattern-field" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--excmd=number</span></code>.
See <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#option-tags-file-contents"><span class="std std-ref">Tags File Contents Options</span></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#ctags-1"><span class="std std-ref">ctags(1)</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="long-names-in-kinds-fields-and-extra-options">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Long names in kinds, fields, and extra options</a><a class="headerlink" href="#long-names-in-kinds-fields-and-extra-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>A letter is used for specifying a kind, a field, or an extra entry.
In Universal Ctags a name can also be used.</p>
<p>Surround the name with braces (<cite>{</cite> and <cite>}</cite>) in values assigned to the
options, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--kind-<LANG>=</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--fields=</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--extras=</span></code>.</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>ctags --kinds-C<span class="o">=</span>+L-d ...
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This command line uses the letters, <cite>L</cite> for enabling the label kind
and <cite>d</cite> for disabling the macro kind of C. The command line can be
rewritten with the associated names.</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>ctags --kinds-C<span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'+{label}-{macro}'</span> ...
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The quotes are needed because braces are interpreted as meta
characters by the shell.</p>
<p>The available names can be listed with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-kinds-full</span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-fields</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-extras</span></code>.</p>
<p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#option-tags-file-contents"><span class="std std-ref">Tags File Contents Options</span></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#ctags-1"><span class="std std-ref">ctags(1)</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="wildcard-in-options">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Wildcard in options</a><a class="headerlink" href="#wildcard-in-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>For the purpose of gathering as much as information as possible from
source code the “wildcard”(<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*</span></code>) option value has been introduced.</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--extras=*</span></code></dt><dd><p>Enables all extra tags.</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--fields=*</span></code></dt><dd><p>Enables all available fields.</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--kinds-<LANG>=*</span></code></dt><dd><p>Enables all available kinds for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LANG</span></code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--kinds-all=*</span></code></dt><dd><p>Enables all available kinds for all available language parsers.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#option-tags-file-contents"><span class="std std-ref">Tags File Contents Options</span></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#ctags-1"><span class="std std-ref">ctags(1)</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="extra-tag-entries-extras">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Extra tag entries (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--extras</span></code>)</a><a class="headerlink" href="#extra-tag-entries-extras" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--extra</span></code> option in Exuberant Ctags is renamed to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--extras</span></code> (plural) in
Universal Ctags for making consistent with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--kinds-<LANG></span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--fields</span></code>.</p>
<p>These extra tag entries are newly introduced.</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">F</span></code></dt><dd><p>Replacement for --file-scope.</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p</span></code></dt><dd><p>Include pseudo-tags.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#option-tags-file-contents"><span class="std std-ref">Tags File Contents Options</span></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#ctags-1"><span class="std std-ref">ctags(1)</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="kinds-synchronization">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Kinds synchronization</a><a class="headerlink" href="#kinds-synchronization" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>See the description about <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--kinds-<LANG></span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-kinds-full</span></code>
option on <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#option-tags-file-contents"><span class="std std-ref">Tags File Contents Options</span></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#ctags-1"><span class="std std-ref">ctags(1)</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="enabling-disabling-pseudo-tags-pseudo-tags-option">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Enabling/disabling pseudo-tags (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--pseudo-tags</span></code> option)</a><a class="headerlink" href="#enabling-disabling-pseudo-tags-pseudo-tags-option" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#option-tags-file-contents"><span class="std std-ref">Tags File Contents Options</span></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#ctags-1"><span class="std std-ref">ctags(1)</span></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags-client-tools.7.html#ctags-client-tools-7"><span class="std std-ref">ctags-client-tools(7)</span></a> about the option.</p>
</section>
<section id="put-field-prefix-options">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--put-field-prefix</span></code> options</a><a class="headerlink" href="#put-field-prefix-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#option-tags-file-contents"><span class="std std-ref">Tags File Contents Options</span></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#ctags-1"><span class="std std-ref">ctags(1)</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="always-and-never-as-an-argument-for-tag-relative">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">“always” and “never” as an argument for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--tag-relative</span></code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#always-and-never-as-an-argument-for-tag-relative" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--tag-relative</span></code> option is extend.
See <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#option-tags-file-contents"><span class="std std-ref">Tags File Contents Options</span></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#ctags-1"><span class="std std-ref">ctags(1)</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="defining-a-parser-specific-extra">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15">Defining a parser specific extra</a><a class="headerlink" href="#defining-a-parser-specific-extra" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>A new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--_extradef-<LANG>=name,description</span></code> option allows you to
defining a parser specific extra which turning on and off can be
referred from a regex based parser for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><LANG></span></code>.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="optlib.html#extras"><span class="std std-ref">Conditional tagging with extras</span></a> for more details.</p>
</section>
<section id="defining-a-cpreprocessor-macro-from-command-line">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16">Defining a CPreProcessor macro from command line</a><a class="headerlink" href="#defining-a-cpreprocessor-macro-from-command-line" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Newly introduced <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-D</span></code> option extends the function provided by
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-I</span></code> option.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-D</span></code> emulates the behaviour of the corresponding gcc option:
it defines a C preprocessor macro.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#option-tags-file-contents"><span class="std std-ref">Tags File Contents Options</span></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#ctags-1"><span class="std std-ref">ctags(1)</span></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="parser-cxx.html#cxx"><span class="std std-ref">The new C/C++ parser</span></a> for more details.</p>
</section>
<section id="options-for-inspecting-ctags-internals">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17">Options for inspecting ctags internals</a><a class="headerlink" href="#options-for-inspecting-ctags-internals" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Exuberant Ctags provides a way to inspect its internals via
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-kinds</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-languages</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-maps</span></code>.</p>
<p>This idea has been expanded in Universal Ctags with
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-kinds-full</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-map-extensions</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-extras</span></code>,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-features</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-fields</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-map-patterns</span></code>, and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-pseudo-tags</span></code> being added.</p>
<p>The original three <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-</span></code> options are not changed for
compatibility reasons, however, the newly introduced options are
recommended for all future use.</p>
<p>By default, interactive use is assumed and ctags tries aligning the
list output in columns for easier reading.</p>
<p>When <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--machinable</span></code> is given before a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-</span></code> option, ctags
outputs the list in a format more suitable for processing by scripts.
Tab characters are used as separators between columns. The alignment
of columns is never considered when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--machinable</span></code> is given.</p>
<p>Currently only <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-extras</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-fields</span></code> and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-kinds-full</span></code> support <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--machinable</span></code> output.</p>
<p>These new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-</span></code> options also print a column header, a line
representing the name of each column. The header may help users and
scripts to understand and recognize the columns. Ignoring the column
header is easy because it starts with a <cite>#</cite> character.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--with-list-header=no</span></code> suppresses output of the column header.</p>
<p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#option-listing"><span class="std std-ref">Listing Options</span></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#ctags-1"><span class="std std-ref">ctags(1)</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="notice-messages-and-quiet">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id18">Notice messages and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--quiet</span></code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#notice-messages-and-quiet" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>There were 3 classes of message in Exuberant Ctags.
In addition to them Universal Ctags introduced a new class of message, <em>notice</em>.</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt><em>fatal</em></dt><dd><p>A critical error has occurred and ctags aborts the execution.</p>
</dd>
<dt><em>warning</em></dt><dd><p>An error has occurred but ctags continues the execution.</p>
</dd>
<dt><em>notice</em> (new)</dt><dd><p>It is less important than <em>warning</em> but more important for users than <em>verbose</em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><em>verbose</em></dt><dd><p>Mainly used for debugging purposes.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>Generally the user can ignore <em>notice</em> class messages and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--quiet</span></code>
can be used to disable them.</p>
<p><em>verbose</em> class messages are disabled by default, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--verbose</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-V</span></code>
can be used to enable them.</p>
<p>See also <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#option-misc"><span class="std std-ref">Miscellaneous Options</span></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="man/ctags.1.html#ctags-1"><span class="std std-ref">ctags(1)</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="skipping-utf-8-bom">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id19">Skipping utf-8 BOM</a><a class="headerlink" href="#skipping-utf-8-bom" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The three bytes sequence(<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\xEF\xBB\xBF</span></code>) at the head of an input
file is skipped when parsing.</p>
<p>TODO:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Do the same in guessing and selecting parser stage.</p></li>
<li><p>Refect the BOM detection to encoding option</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="interactive-mode">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20">Interactive mode</a><a class="headerlink" href="#interactive-mode" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>A new <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--_interactive</span></code> option launches a JSON based command REPL which
can be used to control ctags generation programmatically.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="interactive-mode.html#interactive-mode"><span class="std std-ref">Interactive mode</span></a> for more details.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="incompatible-changes-in-command-line">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id21">Incompatible changes in command line</a><a class="headerlink" href="#incompatible-changes-in-command-line" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<section id="d-option">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id22"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-D</span></code> option</a><a class="headerlink" href="#d-option" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>For a ctags binary that had debugging output enabled in the build config
stage, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-D</span></code> was used for specifying the level of debugging
output. It is changed to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-d</span></code>. This change is not critical because
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-D</span></code> option was not described in ctags.1 man page.</p>
<p>Instead <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-D</span></code> is used for defining a macro in CPreProcessor parser.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="changes-imported-from-exuberant-ctags">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id23">Changes imported from Exuberant Ctags</a><a class="headerlink" href="#changes-imported-from-exuberant-ctags" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>See “Exuberant Ctags” in “Tracking other projects” for detailed
information regarding imported changes.</p>
<p>Some changes have also been imported from Fedora and Debian.</p>
</section>
<section id="parser-related-changes">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id24">Parser related changes</a><a class="headerlink" href="#parser-related-changes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<section id="new-parsers">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id25">New parsers</a><a class="headerlink" href="#new-parsers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The following parsers have been added:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Abaqus</p></li>
<li><p>Abc</p></li>
<li><p>Ada</p></li>
<li><p>AnsiblePlaybook <em>libyaml</em></p></li>
<li><p>Asciidoc</p></li>
<li><p>Autoconf</p></li>
<li><p>Automake</p></li>
<li><p>AutoIt</p></li>
<li><p>BibTeX</p></li>
<li><p>Clojure</p></li>
<li><p>CMake <em>optlib</em></p></li>
<li><p>CSS</p></li>
<li><p>Ctags option library <em>optlib</em></p></li>
<li><p>CUDA</p></li>
<li><p>D</p></li>
<li><p>DBusIntrospect <em>libxml</em></p></li>
<li><p>Diff</p></li>
<li><p>DTD</p></li>
<li><p>DTS</p></li>
<li><p>Elixir <em>optlib</em></p></li>
<li><p>Elm <em>optlib</em></p></li>
<li><p>Falcon</p></li>
<li><p>FunctionParameters <em>perl based subparser</em></p></li>
<li><p>Gdbinit script <em>optlib</em></p></li>
<li><p>Glade <em>libxml</em></p></li>
<li><p>Go</p></li>
<li><p>Haskell</p></li>
<li><p>Haxe</p></li>
<li><p>iPythonCell <em>optlib</em>, <em>pthon based subparser</em></p></li>
<li><p>Inko <em>optlib</em></p></li>
<li><p>JavaProperties</p></li>
<li><p>JSON</p></li>
<li><p>Julia</p></li>
<li><p>Kconfig <em>optlib</em></p></li>
<li><p>Kotlin <em>peg/packcc</em></p></li>
<li><p>GNU linker script(LdScript)</p></li>
<li><p>Man page <em>optlib</em></p></li>
<li><p>Markdown <em>optlib</em></p></li>
<li><p>Maven2 <em>libxml</em></p></li>
<li><p>MesonBuild (Meson) <em>optlib</em></p></li>
<li><p>MesonOptions <em>optlib+script</em></p></li>
<li><p>Moose <em>perl based subparser</em></p></li>
<li><p>Myrddin</p></li>
<li><p>M4</p></li>
<li><p>NSIS</p></li>
<li><p>ObjectiveC</p></li>
<li><p>Passwd <em>optlib</em></p></li>
<li><p>PuppetManifest <em>optlib</em></p></li>
<li><p>Perl6</p></li>
<li><p>Pod <em>optlib</em></p></li>
<li><p>PowerShell</p></li>
<li><p>PropertyList(plist) <em>libxml</em></p></li>
<li><p>Protobuf</p></li>
<li><p>PythonLoggingConfig</p></li>
<li><p>QemuHX <em>optlib</em></p></li>
<li><p>QtMoc</p></li>
<li><p>R</p></li>
<li><p>R6Class <em>R based subparser</em></p></li>
<li><p>RelaxNG <em>libxml</em></p></li>
<li><p>ReStructuredText</p></li>
<li><p>Robot</p></li>
<li><p>RpmSpec</p></li>
<li><p>RSpec <em>optlib</em></p></li>
<li><p>Rust</p></li>
<li><p>S4Class <em>R based subparser</em></p></li>
<li><p>SCSS <em>optlib</em></p></li>
<li><p>SystemdUnit</p></li>
<li><p>SystemTap <em>optlib</em></p></li>
<li><p>SystemVerilog</p></li>
<li><p>SVG <em>libxml</em></p></li>
<li><p>TclOO (see <a class="reference internal" href="parser-tcl.html#tcl"><span class="std std-ref">The new Tcl parser</span></a>)</p></li>
<li><p>TTCN</p></li>
<li><p>Txt2tags</p></li>
<li><p>TypeScript</p></li>
<li><p>Varlink <em>peg/packcc</em></p></li>
<li><p>WindRes</p></li>
<li><p>XSLT v1.0 <em>libxml</em></p></li>
<li><p>Yacc</p></li>
<li><p>Yaml <em>libyaml</em></p></li>
<li><p>YumRepo</p></li>
<li><p>Zephir</p></li>
</ul>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="optlib.html#optlib"><span class="std std-ref">Extending ctags with Regex parser (optlib)</span></a> for details on <em>optlib</em>.
Libxml2 is required to use the parser(s) marked with <em>libxml</em>.
Libyaml is required to use the parser(s) marked with <em>libyaml</em>.</p>
<p>TIPS: you can list newly introduced parsers if you also have
Exuberant Ctags installed with following command line:</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>diff -ruN <<span class="o">(</span>universal-ctags --list-languages<span class="o">)</span> <<span class="o">(</span>exuberant-ctags --list-languages<span class="o">)</span> <span class="p">|</span> grep <span class="s1">'^[-+]'</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="fully-improved-parsers">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id26">Fully improved parsers</a><a class="headerlink" href="#fully-improved-parsers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>C (see <a class="reference internal" href="parser-cxx.html#cxx"><span class="std std-ref">The new C/C++ parser</span></a>)</p></li>
<li><p>C++ (see <a class="reference internal" href="parser-cxx.html#cxx"><span class="std std-ref">The new C/C++ parser</span></a>)</p></li>
<li><p>Python (see <a class="reference internal" href="parser-python.html#python"><span class="std std-ref">The new Python parser</span></a>)</p></li>
<li><p>HTML (see <a class="reference internal" href="parser-html.html#html"><span class="std std-ref">The new HTML parser</span></a>)</p></li>
<li><p>Tcl (see <a class="reference internal" href="parser-tcl.html#tcl"><span class="std std-ref">The new Tcl parser</span></a>)</p></li>
<li><p>ITcl (see <a class="reference internal" href="parser-tcl.html#tcl"><span class="std std-ref">The new Tcl parser</span></a>)</p></li>
<li><p>Ant (rewritten with <em>libxml</em>)</p></li>
<li><p>PHP</p></li>
<li><p>Verilog/SystemVerilog</p></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="automatically-expanding-cpreprocessor-macros-defined-in-the-same-input-file-highly-experimental">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id27">Automatically expanding CPreProcessor macros defined in the same input file (HIGHLY EXPERIMENTAL)</a><a class="headerlink" href="#automatically-expanding-cpreprocessor-macros-defined-in-the-same-input-file-highly-experimental" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="parser-cxx.html#cxx"><span class="std std-ref">The new C/C++ parser</span></a> for more details.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="readtags">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id28">Readtags</a><a class="headerlink" href="#readtags" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<section id="printing-line-numbers-with-n">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id29">Printing line numbers with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-n</span></code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#printing-line-numbers-with-n" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="man/readtags.1.html#readtags-1"><span class="std std-ref">readtags(1)</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="filtering-in-readtags-command">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id30">Filtering in readtags command</a><a class="headerlink" href="#filtering-in-readtags-command" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="man/readtags.1.html#readtags-1"><span class="std std-ref">readtags(1)</span></a>.</p>
<p>readtags has ability to find tag entries by name.</p>
<p>The concept of filtering is inspired by the display filter of
Wireshark. You can specify more complex conditions for searching.</p>
<p>All symbols starting with <cite>$</cite> represent a field of a tag entry which
is being tested against the S expression. Most will evaluate as a
string or <cite>#f</cite>. It evaluates to <cite>#f</cite> when the field doesn’t exist.</p>
<p>The <cite>scope</cite> field holds structured data: the kind and name of the
upper scope combined with <cite>:</cite>. The hold the value is stored to
<cite>$scope</cite>. The kind part is mapped to <cite>$scope-kind</cite>, and the name part
to <cite>$scope-name</cite>.</p>
<p><cite>$scope-kind</cite> and <cite>$scope-name</cite> can only be used if the input tags
file is generated by ctags with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--fields=+Z</span></code>.</p>
<p><cite>$</cite> is a generic accessor for accessing extension fields.
<cite>$</cite> takes one argument: the name of an extension field.
It returns the value of the field as a string if a value
is given, or <cite>#f</cite>.</p>
<p>Following examples shows how <cite>prefix?</cite>, <cite>suffix?</cite>, and
<cite>substr?</cite> work.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>(prefix? "TARGET" "TA")
=> #t
(prefix? "TARGET" "RGET")
=> #f
(prefix? "TARGET" "RGE")
=> #f
(suffix? "TARGET" "TA")
=> #f
(suffix? "TARGET" "RGET")
=> #t
(suffix? "TARGET" "RGE")
=> #f
(substr? "TARGET" "TA")
=> #t
(suffix? "TARGET" "RGET")
=> #t
(suffix? "TARGET" "RGE")
=> #t
(and (suffix? "TARGET" "TARGET")
(prefix? "TARGET" "TARGET")
(substr? "TARGET" "TARGET")
=> #t
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="sorting-in-readtags-command">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id31">Sorting in readtags command</a><a class="headerlink" href="#sorting-in-readtags-command" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>readtags can sort the tag entries before printing.
You can specify the way to sort with -S option. Like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-Q</span></code> option, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-S</span></code>
also takes an S expression.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="man/readtags.1.html#readtags-1"><span class="std std-ref">readtags(1)</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="listing-pseudo-tags-with-d">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id32">Listing pseudo tags with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-D</span></code></a><a class="headerlink" href="#listing-pseudo-tags-with-d" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="man/readtags.1.html#readtags-1"><span class="std std-ref">readtags(1)</span></a>.</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>
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<h3><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Other changes</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#new-and-extended-options">New and extended options</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#exclude-exception-an-option-complementing-exclude"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--exclude-exception</span></code>, an option complementing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--exclude</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#maxdepth-option"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--maxdepth</span></code> option</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#input-encoding-encoding-and-output-encoding-encoding"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--input-encoding=ENCODING</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--output-encoding=ENCODING</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#map-lang-option"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--map-<LANG></span></code> option</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#guessing-parser-from-file-contents-g-option">Guessing parser from file contents (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-G</span></code> option)</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#including-line-number-to-pattern-field">Including line number to pattern field</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#long-names-in-kinds-fields-and-extra-options">Long names in kinds, fields, and extra options</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#wildcard-in-options">Wildcard in options</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#extra-tag-entries-extras">Extra tag entries (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--extras</span></code>)</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#kinds-synchronization">Kinds synchronization</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#enabling-disabling-pseudo-tags-pseudo-tags-option">Enabling/disabling pseudo-tags (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--pseudo-tags</span></code> option)</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#put-field-prefix-options"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--put-field-prefix</span></code> options</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#always-and-never-as-an-argument-for-tag-relative">“always” and “never” as an argument for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--tag-relative</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#defining-a-parser-specific-extra">Defining a parser specific extra</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#defining-a-cpreprocessor-macro-from-command-line">Defining a CPreProcessor macro from command line</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#options-for-inspecting-ctags-internals">Options for inspecting ctags internals</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#notice-messages-and-quiet">Notice messages and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--quiet</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#skipping-utf-8-bom">Skipping utf-8 BOM</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#interactive-mode">Interactive mode</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#incompatible-changes-in-command-line">Incompatible changes in command line</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#d-option"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-D</span></code> option</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#changes-imported-from-exuberant-ctags">Changes imported from Exuberant Ctags</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parser-related-changes">Parser related changes</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#new-parsers">New parsers</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fully-improved-parsers">Fully improved parsers</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#automatically-expanding-cpreprocessor-macros-defined-in-the-same-input-file-highly-experimental">Automatically expanding CPreProcessor macros defined in the same input file (HIGHLY EXPERIMENTAL)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#readtags">Readtags</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#printing-line-numbers-with-n">Printing line numbers with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-n</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#filtering-in-readtags-command">Filtering in readtags command</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#sorting-in-readtags-command">Sorting in readtags command</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#listing-pseudo-tags-with-d">Listing pseudo tags with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-D</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4>Previous topic</h4>
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title="previous chapter">Interactive mode</a></p>
<h4>Next topic</h4>
<p class="topless"><a href="optlib.html"
title="next chapter">Extending ctags with Regex parser (<em>optlib</em>)</a></p>
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