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<!DOCTYPE html>

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  <section id="testing-a-parser">
<span id="testing-parser"></span><h1>Testing a parser<a class="headerlink" href="#testing-a-parser" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<div class="contents local topic" id="table-of-contents">
<p class="topic-title"><cite>Table of contents</cite></p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#units-test-facility" id="id1"><em>Units</em> test facility</a></p>
<ul>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-write-a-test-case" id="id2">How to write a test case</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#note-for-importing-a-test-case-from-test-directory" id="id3">Note for importing a test case from Test directory</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#example-of-files" id="id4">Example of files</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-run-unit-tests" id="id5">How to run unit tests</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#example-of-running" id="id6">Example of running</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#running-unit-tests-for-specific-languages" id="id7">Running unit tests for specific languages</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#gathering-test-cases-for-known-bugs" id="id8">Gathering test cases for known bugs</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#running-under-valgrind-and-timeout" id="id9">Running under valgrind and timeout</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#categories" id="id10">Categories</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#finding-minimal-bad-input" id="id11">Finding minimal bad input</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#acknowledgments" id="id12">Acknowledgments</a></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#reviewing-the-result-of-units-test" id="id13">Reviewing the result of Units test</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#semi-fuzz-fuzz-testing" id="id14">Semi-fuzz(<em>Fuzz</em>) testing</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#noise-testing" id="id15"><em>Noise</em> testing</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#chop-and-slap-testing" id="id16"><em>Chop</em> and <em>slap</em> testing</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#input-validation-for-units" id="id17">Input validation for <em>Units</em></a></p>
<ul>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-run-an-example-session-of-input-validation" id="id18">How to run an example session of input validation</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#validator-file" id="id19"><em>validator</em> file</a></p></li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#validator-command" id="id20">validator command</a></p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><a class="reference internal" href="#testing-examples-in-language-specific-man-pages" id="id21">Testing examples in language specific man pages</a></p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>It is difficult for us to know syntax of all languages supported in ctags. Test
facility and test cases are quite important for maintaining ctags with limited
resources.</p>
<section id="units-test-facility">
<span id="units"></span><h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1"><em>Units</em> test facility</a><a class="headerlink" href="#units-test-facility" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Maintainer</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p>Masatake YAMATO &lt;<a class="reference external" href="mailto:yamato&#37;&#52;&#48;redhat&#46;com">yamato<span>&#64;</span>redhat<span>&#46;</span>com</a>&gt;</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p><strong>Test facility</strong></p>
<p>Exuberant Ctags has a test facility. The test case were <em>Test</em>
directory. So Here I call it <em>Test</em>.</p>
<p>Main aim of the facility is detecting regression. All files under Test
directory are given as input for old and new version of ctags
commands.  The output tags files of both versions are compared. If any
difference is found the check fails. <em>Test</em> expects the older ctags
binary to be correct.</p>
<p>This expectation is not always met. Consider that a parser for a new
language is added. You may want to add a sample source code for that
language to <em>Test</em>. An older ctags version is unable to generate a
tags file for that sample code, but the newer ctags version does. At
this point a difference is found and <em>Test</em> reports failure.</p>
<p><strong>Units facility</strong></p>
<p>The units test facility (<em>Units</em>) I describe here takes a different
approach. An input file and an expected output file are given by a
contributor of a language parser. The units test facility runs ctags
command with the input file and compares its output and the expected
output file. The expected output doesn’t depend on ctags.</p>
<p>If a contributor sends a patch which may improve a language parser,
and if a reviewer is not familiar with that language, s/he cannot
evaluate it.</p>
<p><em>Unit</em> test files, the pair of input file and expected output file may
be able to explain the intent of patch well; and may help the
reviewer.</p>
<section id="how-to-write-a-test-case">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">How to write a test case</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-write-a-test-case" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>The test facility recognizes an input file and an expected
output file by patterns of file name. Each test case should
have its own directory under Units directory.</p>
<p><em>Units/TEST/input.*</em> <strong>requisite</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>Input file name must have a <em>input</em> as basename. <em>TEST</em>
part should explain the test case well.</p>
</div></blockquote>
<p><em>Units/TEST/input[-_][0-9].*</em> <em>Units/TEST/input[-_][0-9][-_]*.*</em> <strong>optional</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>Optional input file names. They are put next to <em>input.*</em> in
testing command line.</p>
</div></blockquote>
<p><em>Units/TEST/expected.tags</em> <strong>optional</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>Expected output file must have a name <em>expected.tags</em>. It
should be the same directory of the input file.</p>
<p>If this file is not given, the exit status of ctags process
is just checked; the output is ignored.</p>
<p>If you want to test etags output (specified with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-e</span></code> ),
Use <strong>.tags-e</strong> as suffix instead of <strong>.tags</strong>.
In such a case you don’t have to write <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-e</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">args.ctags</span></code>.
The test facility sets <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-e</span></code> automatically.</p>
<p>If you want to test cross reference output (specified with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-x</span></code> ),
Use <strong>.tags-x</strong> as suffix instead of <strong>.tags</strong>.
In such a case you don’t have to write <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-x</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">args.ctags</span></code>.
The test facility sets <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-x</span></code> automatically.</p>
<p>If you want to test json output (specified with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--output-format=json</span></code> ),
Use <strong>.tags-json</strong> as suffix instead of <strong>.tags</strong>.
In such a case you don’t have to write <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--output-format=json</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">args.ctags</span></code>,
and add <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">features</span></code> as described below.
The test facility sets the option and the feature automatically.</p>
</div></blockquote>
<p><em>Units/TEST/args.ctags</em> <strong>optional</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-o</span> <span class="pre">-</span></code> is used as default optional argument when running a
unit test ctags. If you want to add more options, enumerate
options in <strong>args.ctags</strong> file.</p>
<p>Remember you have to put one option in one line; don’t
put multiple options to one line. Multiple options in
one line doesn’t work.</p>
</div></blockquote>
<p><em>Units/TEST/filter</em> <strong>optional</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>You can rearrange the output of ctags with this command
before comparing with <em>executed.tags</em>.
This command is invoked with no argument. The output
ctags is given via stdin. Rearrange data should be
written to stdout.</p>
</div></blockquote>
<p><em>Units/TEST/features</em> <strong>optional</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>If a unit test case requires special features of ctags,
enumerate them in this file line by line. If a target ctags
doesn’t have one of the features, the test is skipped.</p>
<p>If a file line is started with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!</span></code>, the effect is inverted;
if a target ctags has the feature specified with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!</span></code>, the
test is skipped.</p>
<p>All features built-in can be listed with passing
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-features</span></code> to ctags.</p>
</div></blockquote>
<p><em>Units/TEST/languages</em> <strong>optional</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>If a unit test case requires that language parsers are enabled/available,
enumerate them in this file line by line. If one of them is
disabled/unavailable, the test is skipped.</p>
<p>language parsers enabled/available can be checked with passing
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--list-languages</span></code> to ctags.</p>
</div></blockquote>
</section>
<section id="note-for-importing-a-test-case-from-test-directory">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Note for importing a test case from Test directory</a><a class="headerlink" href="#note-for-importing-a-test-case-from-test-directory" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>I think all test cases under Test directory should be converted to
Units.</p>
<p>If you convert use following TEST name convention.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>use <em>.t</em> instead of <em>.d</em> as suffix for the name</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Here is an example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Test</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">simple</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sh</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This should be:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Units</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">simple</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sh</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">t</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>With this name convention we can track which test case is converted or
not.</p>
</section>
<section id="example-of-files">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Example of files</a><a class="headerlink" href="#example-of-files" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>See <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/universal-ctags/ctags/tree/master/Units/parser-c.r/c-sample.d">Units/parser-c.r/c-sample.d</a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="how-to-run-unit-tests">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">How to run unit tests</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-run-unit-tests" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p><em>test</em> make target:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ make units
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The result of unit tests is reported by lines. You can specify
test cases with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UNITS=</span></code>.</p>
<p>An example to run <em>vim-command.d</em> only:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ make units UNITS=vim-command
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Another example to run <em>vim-command.d</em> and <em>parser-python.r/bug1856363.py.d</em>:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ make units UNITS=vim-command,bug1856363.py
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>During testing <em>OUTPUT.tmp</em>, <em>EXPECTED.tmp</em> and <em>DIFF.tmp</em> files are
generated for each test case directory. These are removed when the
unit test is <strong>passed</strong>.  If the result is <strong>FAILED</strong>, it is kept for
debugging. Following command line can clean up these generated files
at once:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ make clean-units
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Other than <strong>FAILED</strong> and <strong>passed</strong> two types of result are
defined.</p>
<p><strong>skipped</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>means running the test case is skipped in some reason.</p>
</div></blockquote>
<p><strong>failed (KNOWN bug)</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>means the result was failed but the failure is expected.
See “<a class="reference internal" href="#gathering-test"><span class="std std-ref">Gathering test cases for known bugs</span></a>”.</p>
</div></blockquote>
</section>
<section id="example-of-running">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Example of running</a><a class="headerlink" href="#example-of-running" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ make units
Category: ROOT
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Testing 1795612.js as JavaScript                            passed
Testing 1850914.js as JavaScript                            passed
Testing 1878155.js as JavaScript                            passed
Testing 1880687.js as JavaScript                            passed
Testing 2023624.js as JavaScript                            passed
Testing 3184782.sql as SQL                                  passed
...
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="running-unit-tests-for-specific-languages">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">Running unit tests for specific languages</a><a class="headerlink" href="#running-unit-tests-for-specific-languages" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>You can run only the tests for specific languages by setting
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LANGUAGES</span></code> to parsers as reported by
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctags</span> <span class="pre">--list-languages</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">make</span> <span class="n">units</span> <span class="n">LANGUAGES</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">PHP</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">C</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Multiple languages can be selected using a comma separated list.</p>
</section>
<section id="gathering-test-cases-for-known-bugs">
<span id="gathering-test"></span><h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">Gathering test cases for known bugs</a><a class="headerlink" href="#gathering-test-cases-for-known-bugs" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>When we meet a bug, it is an important development activity to make a small test
case that triggers the bug.
Even the bug cannot be fixed in soon,
the test case is an important result of work. Such result should
be merged to the source tree. However, we don’t love <strong>FAILED</strong>
message, too. What we should do?</p>
<p>In such a case, merge as usually but use <em>.b</em> as suffix for
the directory of test case instead of <em>.d</em>.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser-autoconf.r/nested-block.ac.b/</span></code> is an example
of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.b``*</span></code> suffix usage.</p>
<p>When you run test.units target, you will see:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Testing</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">sample</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">C</span>                                 <span class="n">passed</span>
<span class="n">Testing</span> <span class="n">css</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">singlequote</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="ow">in</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">comment</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">CSS</span>             <span class="n">failed</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">KNOWN</span> <span class="n">bug</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">Testing</span> <span class="n">ctags</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">simple</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">ctags</span>                         <span class="n">passed</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Suffix <em>.i</em> is a variant of <em>.b</em>. <em>.i</em> is for merging/gathering input
which lets ctags process enter an infinite loop. Different from <em>.b</em>,
test cases marked as <em>.i</em> are never executed. They are just skipped
but reported the skips:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Testing</span> <span class="n">ada</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">ads</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Ada</span>                                <span class="n">passed</span>
<span class="n">Testing</span> <span class="n">ada</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">function</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Ada</span>                           <span class="n">skipped</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">may</span> <span class="n">cause</span> <span class="n">an</span> <span class="n">infinite</span> <span class="n">loop</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">Testing</span> <span class="n">ada</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">protected</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Ada</span>                          <span class="n">passed</span>
<span class="o">...</span>

<span class="n">Summary</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">see</span> <span class="n">CMDLINE</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tmp</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">reproduce</span> <span class="n">without</span> <span class="n">test</span> <span class="n">harness</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">------------------------------------------------------------</span>
  <span class="c1">#passed:                                347</span>
  <span class="c1">#FIXED:                                 0</span>
  <span class="c1">#FAILED (unexpected-exit-status):       0</span>
  <span class="c1">#FAILED (unexpected-output):            0</span>
  <span class="c1">#skipped (features):                    0</span>
  <span class="c1">#skipped (languages):                   0</span>
  <span class="c1">#skipped (infinite-loop):               1</span>
    <span class="n">ada</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">protected</span>
  <span class="o">...</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="running-under-valgrind-and-timeout">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Running under valgrind and timeout</a><a class="headerlink" href="#running-under-valgrind-and-timeout" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VG=1</span></code> is given, each test cases are run under valgrind.
If valgrind detects an error, it is reported as:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ make units VG=1
Testing css-singlequote-in-comment as CSS             failed (valgrind-error)
...
Summary (see CMDLINE.tmp to reproduce without test harness)
------------------------------------------------------------
...
#valgrind-error:                        1
  css-singlequote-in-comment
...
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In this case the report of valgrind is recorded to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Units/css-singlequote-in-comment/VALGRIND-CSS.tmp</span></code>.</p>
<p>NOTE: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/bin/bash</span></code> is needed to report the result. You can specify a shell
running test with SHELL macro like:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ make units VG=1 SHELL=/bin/bash
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TIMEOUT=N</span></code> is given, each test cases are run under timeout
command. If ctags doesn’t stop in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">N</span></code> second, it is stopped
by timeout command and reported as:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ make units TIMEOUT=1
Testing css-singlequote-in-comment as CSS             failed (TIMED OUT)
...
Summary (see CMDLINE.tmp to reproduce without test harness)
------------------------------------------------------------
...
#TIMED-OUT:                             1
  css-singlequote-in-comment
...
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TIMEOUT=N</span></code> is given, <em>.i</em> test cases are run. They will be
reported as <em>TIMED-OUT</em>.</p>
</section>
<section id="categories">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">Categories</a><a class="headerlink" href="#categories" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>With <em>.r</em> suffix, you can put test cases under a sub directory
of <em>Units</em>. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Units/parser-ada.r</span></code> is an example. If <em>misc/units</em>
test harness, the sub directory is called a category. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser-ada.r</span></code>
is the name category in the above example.</p>
<p><em>CATEGORIES</em> macro of make is for running units in specified categories.
Following command line is for running units in
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Units/parser-sh.r</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Units/parser-ada.r</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ make units CATEGORIES=&#39;parser-sh,parser-ada&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="finding-minimal-bad-input">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id11">Finding minimal bad input</a><a class="headerlink" href="#finding-minimal-bad-input" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>When a test case is failed, the input causing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FAILED</span></code> result is
passed to <em>misc/units shrink</em>.  <em>misc/units shrink</em> tries to make the
shortest input which makes ctags exits with non-zero status.  The
result is reported to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Units/\*/SHRINK-${language}.tmp</span></code>.  Maybe
useful to debug.</p>
</section>
<section id="acknowledgments">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id12">Acknowledgments</a><a class="headerlink" href="#acknowledgments" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>The file name rule is suggested by Maxime Coste &lt;<a class="reference external" href="mailto:frrrwww&#37;&#52;&#48;gmail&#46;com">frrrwww<span>&#64;</span>gmail<span>&#46;</span>com</a>&gt;.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="reviewing-the-result-of-units-test">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id13">Reviewing the result of Units test</a><a class="headerlink" href="#reviewing-the-result-of-units-test" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Try misc/review.</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>misc/review --help
<span class="go">Usage:</span>
<span class="go">        misc/review          help|--help|-h                 show this message</span>
<span class="go">        misc/review          [list] [-b]                    list failed Units and Tmain</span>
<span class="go">                             -b                             list .b (known bug) marked cases</span>
<span class="go">        misc/review          inspect [-b]                   inspect difference interactively</span>
<span class="go">                             -b                             inspect .b (known bug) marked cases</span>
<span class="gp">$</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="semi-fuzz-fuzz-testing">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id14">Semi-fuzz(<em>Fuzz</em>) testing</a><a class="headerlink" href="#semi-fuzz-fuzz-testing" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Unexpected input can lead ctags to enter an infinite loop. The fuzz
target tries to identify these conditions by passing
semi-random (semi-broken) input to ctags.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ make fuzz LANGUAGES=LANG1[,LANG2,...]
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>With this command line, ctags is run for random variations of all test
inputs under <em>Units/*/input.*</em> of languages defined by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LANGUAGES</span></code>
macro variable. In this target, the output of ctags is ignored and
only the exit status is analyzed. The ctags binary is also run under
timeout command, such that if an infinite loop is found it will exit
with a non-zero status. The timeout will be reported as following:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">timeout</span> <span class="n">C</span><span class="p">]</span>                <span class="n">Units</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vhd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vhd</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This means that if C parser doesn’t stop within N seconds when
<em>Units/test.vhd.t/input.vhd</em> is given as an input, timeout will
interrupt ctags. The default duration can be changed using
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TIMEOUT=N</span></code> argument in <em>make</em> command. If there is no timeout but
the exit status is non-zero, the target reports it as following:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">unexpected</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">N</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">C</span><span class="p">]</span>                <span class="n">Units</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vhd</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vhd</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The list of parsers which can be used as a value for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LANGUAGES</span></code> can
be obtained with following command line</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ ctags --list-languages
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Besides <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LANGUAGES</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TIMEOUT</span></code>, fuzz target also takes the
following parameters:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VG=1</span></code></p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>Run ctags under valgrind. If valgrind finds a memory
error it is reported as:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">valgrind</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">error</span> <span class="n">Verilog</span><span class="p">]</span>                <span class="n">Units</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">array_spec</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">f90</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">f90</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The valgrind report is recorded at
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Units/\*/VALGRIND-${language}.tmp</span></code>.</p>
</div></blockquote>
</div></blockquote>
<p>As the same as units target, this semi-fuzz test target also calls
<em>misc/units shrink</em> when a test case is failed. See “<em>Units</em> test facility”
about the shrunk result.</p>
</section>
<section id="noise-testing">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id15"><em>Noise</em> testing</a><a class="headerlink" href="#noise-testing" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>After enjoying developing Semi-fuzz testing, I’m looking for a more unfair
approach. Run</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ make noise LANGUAGES=LANG1[,LANG2,...]
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The noise target generates test cases by inserting or deleting one
character to the test cases of <em>Units</em>.</p>
<p>It takes a long time, even without <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VG=1</span></code>, so this cannot be run
under Travis CI. However, it is a good idea to run it locally.</p>
</section>
<section id="chop-and-slap-testing">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id16"><em>Chop</em> and <em>slap</em> testing</a><a class="headerlink" href="#chop-and-slap-testing" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>After reviving many bug reports, we recognized some of them spot
unexpected EOF. The chop target was developed based on this recognition.</p>
<p>The chop target generates many input files from an existing input file
under <em>Units</em> by truncating the existing input file at variety file
positions.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ make chop  LANGUAGES=LANG1[,LANG2,...]
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>It takes a long time, especially with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">VG=1</span></code>, so this cannot be run
under Travis CI. However, it is a good idea to run it locally.</p>
<p>slap target is derived from chop target. While chop target truncates
the existing input files from tail, the slap target does the same
from head.</p>
</section>
<section id="input-validation-for-units">
<span id="input-validation"></span><h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id17">Input validation for <em>Units</em></a><a class="headerlink" href="#input-validation-for-units" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>We have to maintain parsers for languages that we don’t know well.  We
don’t have enough time to learn the languages.</p>
<p><em>Units</em> test cases help us not introduce wrong changes to a parser.</p>
<p>However, there is still an issue; a developer who doesn’t know a
target language well may write a broken test input file for the
language.  Here comes “Input validation.”</p>
<section id="how-to-run-an-example-session-of-input-validation">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id18">How to run an example session of input validation</a><a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-run-an-example-session-of-input-validation" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>You can validate the test input files of <em>Units</em> with <em>validate-input</em>
make target if a validator or a language is defined.</p>
<p>Here is an example validating an input file for JSON.</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>make validate-input <span class="nv">VALIDATORS</span><span class="o">=</span>jq
<span class="go">...</span>
<span class="go">Category: ROOT</span>
<span class="go">------------------------------------------------------------</span>
<span class="go">simple-json.d/input.json with jq                                 valid</span>

<span class="go">Summary</span>
<span class="go">------------------------------------------------------------</span>
<span class="gp">  #</span>valid:                                 <span class="m">1</span>
<span class="gp">  #</span>invalid:                               <span class="m">0</span>
<span class="gp">  #</span>skipped <span class="o">(</span>known invalidation<span class="o">)</span>           <span class="m">0</span>
<span class="gp">  #</span>skipped <span class="o">(</span>validator unavailable<span class="o">)</span>        <span class="m">0</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This example shows validating <em>simple-json.d/input.json</em> as an input
file with <em>jq</em> validator. With VALIDATORS variable passed via
command-line, you can specify validators to run. Multiple validators
can be specified using a comma-separated list.  If you don’t give
VALIDATORS, the make target tries to use all available validators.</p>
<p>The meanings of “valid” and “invalid” in “Summary” are apparent.  In
two cases, the target skips validating input files:</p>
<p>#skipped (known invalidation)</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>A test case specifies KNOWN-INVALIDATION in its <em>validator</em> file.</p>
</div></blockquote>
<p>#skipped (validator unavailable)</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>A command for a validator is not available.</p>
</div></blockquote>
</section>
<section id="validator-file">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id19"><em>validator</em> file</a><a class="headerlink" href="#validator-file" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p><em>validator</em> file in a <em>Units</em> test directory specifies which
validator the make target should use.</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>cat Units/simple-json.d/validator
<span class="go">jq</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you put <em>validator</em> file to a category directory (a directory
having <em>.r</em> suffix), the make target uses the validator specified in
the file as default.  The default validator can be overridden with a
<em>validator</em> file in a subdirectory.</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>cat Units/parser-puppetManifest.r/validator
<span class="go">puppet</span>
<span class="gp"># </span>cat Units/parser-puppetManifest.r/puppet-append.d/validator
<span class="go">KNOWN-INVALIDATION</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In the example, the make target uses <em>puppet</em> validator for validating
the most of all input files under <em>Units/parser-puppetManifest.r</em>
directory. An exception is an input file under
<em>Units/parser-puppetManifest.r/puppet-append.d</em> directory.  The
directory has its specific <em>validator</em> file.</p>
<p>If a <em>Unit</em> test case doesn’t have <em>expected.tags</em> file, the make
target doesn’t run the validator on the file even if a default
validator is given in its category directory.</p>
<p>If a <em>Unit</em> test case specifies KNOWN-INVALIDATION in its <em>validator</em>
file, the make target just increments “#skipped (known invalidation)”
counter. The target reports the counter at the end of execution.</p>
</section>
<section id="validator-command">
<h3><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20">validator command</a><a class="headerlink" href="#validator-command" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>A validator specified in a <em>validator</em> file is a command file put
under <em>misc/validators</em> directory.  The command must have “validator-”
as prefix in its file name. For an example,
<em>misc/validators/validator-jq</em> is the command for “jq”.</p>
<p>The command file must be an executable. <em>validate-input</em> make target
runs the command in two ways.</p>
<p><em>is_runnable</em> method</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>Before running the command as a validator, the target runs
the command with “is_runnable” as the first argument.
A validator command can let the target know whether the
validator command is runnable or not with exit status.
0 means ready to run. Non-zero means not ready to run.</p>
<p>The make target never runs the validator command for
validation purpose if the exit status is non-zero.</p>
<p>For an example, <em>misc/validators/validator-jq</em> command uses <em>jq</em>
command as its backend. If <em>jq</em> command is not available on a
system, <em>validator-jq</em> can do nothing.  If such case,
<em>is_runnable</em> method of <em>validator-jq</em> command should exit with
non-zero value.</p>
</div></blockquote>
<p><em>validate</em> method</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>The make target runs the command with “validate* and an input
file name for validating the input file.  The command exits
non-zero if the input file contains invalid syntax. This method
will never run if <em>is_runnable</em> method of the command exits with
non-zero.</p>
</div></blockquote>
</section>
</section>
<section id="testing-examples-in-language-specific-man-pages">
<span id="man-test"></span><h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id21">Testing examples in language specific man pages</a><a class="headerlink" href="#testing-examples-in-language-specific-man-pages" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Maintainer</dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p>Masatake YAMATO &lt;<a class="reference external" href="mailto:yamato&#37;&#52;&#48;redhat&#46;com">yamato<span>&#64;</span>redhat<span>&#46;</span>com</a>&gt;</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p><cite>man-test</cite> is a target for testing the examples in the language
specific man pages (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">man/ctags-lang-&lt;LANG&gt;.7.rst.in</span></code>). The command
line for running the target is:</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>make man-test
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>An example for testing must have following form:</p>
<div class="highlight-ReStructuredText notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>&quot;input.&lt;EXT&gt;&quot;

<span class="p">..</span> <span class="ow">code-block</span><span class="p">::</span> <span class="k">&lt;LANG&gt;</span>

<span class="s">  &lt;INPUT LINES&gt;</span>

&quot;output.tags&quot;
with &quot;&lt;OPTIONS FOR CTAGS&gt;&quot;

<span class="p">..</span> <span class="ow">code-block</span><span class="p">::</span> tags

  &lt;TAGS OUTPUT LINES&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The man-test target recognizes the form and does the same as
the following shell code for each example in the man page:</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span><span class="nb">echo</span> &lt;INPUT LINES&gt; &gt; input.&lt;EXT&gt;
<span class="gp">$ </span><span class="nb">echo</span> &lt;TAGS OUTPUT LINES&gt; &gt; output.tags
<span class="gp">$ </span>ctags &lt;OPTIONS FOR CTAGS&gt; &gt; actual.tags
<span class="gp">$ </span>diff output.tags actual.tags
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>A backslash character at the end of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&lt;INPUT</span> <span class="pre">LINES&gt;</span></code> or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&lt;TAGS</span> <span class="pre">OUTPUT</span> <span class="pre">LINES&gt;</span></code> represents the continuation of lines;
a subsequent newline is ignored.</p>
<div class="highlight-ReStructuredText notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">..</span> <span class="ow">code-block</span><span class="p">::</span> <span class="k">tags</span>

<span class="s">   very long\</span>
<span class="s">        line</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>is read as:</p>
<div class="highlight-ReStructuredText notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">..</span> <span class="ow">code-block</span><span class="p">::</span> tags

   very long     line
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here is an example of a test case taken from
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctags-lang-python.7.rst.in</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-ReStructuredText notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>&quot;input.py&quot;

<span class="p">..</span> <span class="ow">code-block</span><span class="p">::</span> <span class="k">Python</span>

   <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">X0</span>

&quot;output.tags&quot;
with &quot;--options=NONE -o - --extras=+r --fields=+rzK input.py&quot;

<span class="p">..</span> <span class="ow">code-block</span><span class="p">::</span> tags

        X0      input.py        /^import X0$/;&quot; kind:module     roles:imported
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">man-test</span></code> returns 0 if the all test cases in the all language
specific man pages are passed.</p>
<p>Here is an example output of the man-test target.</p>
<div class="highlight-console notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>make man-test
<span class="go">  RUN      man-test</span>
<span class="gp"># </span>Run <span class="nb">test</span> cases <span class="k">in</span> ./man/ctags-lang-julia.7.rst.in
<span class="go">```</span>
<span class="go">./man/ctags-lang-julia.7.rst.in[0]:75...passed</span>
<span class="go">./man/ctags-lang-julia.7.rst.in[1]:93...passed</span>
<span class="go">```</span>
<span class="gp"># </span>Run <span class="nb">test</span> cases <span class="k">in</span> ./man/ctags-lang-python.7.rst.in
<span class="go">```</span>
<span class="go">./man/ctags-lang-python.7.rst.in[0]:116...passed</span>
<span class="go">./man/ctags-lang-python.7.rst.in[1]:133...passed</span>
<span class="go">./man/ctags-lang-python.7.rst.in[2]:154...passed</span>
<span class="go">./man/ctags-lang-python.7.rst.in[3]:170...passed</span>
<span class="go">./man/ctags-lang-python.7.rst.in[4]:187...passed</span>
<span class="go">./man/ctags-lang-python.7.rst.in[5]:230...passed</span>
<span class="go">```</span>
<span class="gp"># </span>Run <span class="nb">test</span> cases <span class="k">in</span> ./man/ctags-lang-verilog.7.rst.in
<span class="go">```</span>
<span class="go">./man/ctags-lang-verilog.7.rst.in[0]:51...passed</span>
<span class="go">```</span>
<span class="go">OK</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>NOTE: keep examples in the man pages simple. If you want to test ctags
complicated (and or subtle) input, use the units target. The main
purpose of the examples is for explaining the parser.</p>
</section>
</section>


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  <h3><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
  <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Testing a parser</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#units-test-facility"><em>Units</em> test facility</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-write-a-test-case">How to write a test case</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#note-for-importing-a-test-case-from-test-directory">Note for importing a test case from Test directory</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example-of-files">Example of files</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-run-unit-tests">How to run unit tests</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example-of-running">Example of running</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-unit-tests-for-specific-languages">Running unit tests for specific languages</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#gathering-test-cases-for-known-bugs">Gathering test cases for known bugs</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#running-under-valgrind-and-timeout">Running under valgrind and timeout</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#categories">Categories</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#finding-minimal-bad-input">Finding minimal bad input</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reviewing-the-result-of-units-test">Reviewing the result of Units test</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#semi-fuzz-fuzz-testing">Semi-fuzz(<em>Fuzz</em>) testing</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#noise-testing"><em>Noise</em> testing</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#chop-and-slap-testing"><em>Chop</em> and <em>slap</em> testing</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#input-validation-for-units">Input validation for <em>Units</em></a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-run-an-example-session-of-input-validation">How to run an example session of input validation</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#validator-file"><em>validator</em> file</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#validator-command">validator command</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#testing-examples-in-language-specific-man-pages">Testing examples in language specific man pages</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

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