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+chown(P)                                               chown(P)
+
+
+
+
+
+NAME
+       chown - change the file ownership
+
+SYNOPSIS
+       chown [-hR] owner[:group] file ...
+
+       chown -R [-H | -L | -P ] owner[:group] file ...
+
+
+DESCRIPTION
+       The  chown  utility  shall  set  the user ID of the file
+       named by each file operand to the user ID  specified  by
+       the owner operand.
+
+       For  each  file  operand,  or, if the -R option is used,
+       each file encountered while walking the directory  trees
+       specified  by the file operands, the chown utility shall
+       perform  actions  equivalent  to  the  chown()  function
+       defined    in    the   System   Interfaces   volume   of
+       IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, called with  the  following  argu-
+       ments:
+
+       The file operand shall be used as the path argument.
+
+       The  user ID indicated by the owner portion of the first
+       operand shall be used as the owner argument.
+
+       If the group portion of the first operand is given,  the
+       group  ID  indicated  by  it  shall be used as the group
+       argument; otherwise, the group ownership  shall  not  be
+       changed.
+
+       Unless  chown  is  invoked by a process with appropriate
+       privileges, the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits  of  a
+       regular  file  shall  be cleared upon successful comple-
+       tion; the set-user-ID and  set-group-ID  bits  of  other
+       file types may be cleared.
+
+OPTIONS
+       The  chown utility shall conform to the Base Definitions
+       volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,  Section  12.2,  Utility
+       Syntax Guidelines.
+
+       The  following  options shall be supported by the imple-
+       mentation:
+
+       -h     If the system  supports  user  IDs  for  symbolic
+              links, for each file operand that names a file of
+              type symbolic link, chown shall  attempt  to  set
+              the  user ID of the symbolic link.  If the system
+              supports group IDs  for  symbolic  links,  and  a
+              group  ID  was  specified,  for each file operand
+              that names a file of type  symbolic  link,  chown
+              shall attempt to set the group ID of the symbolic
+              link. If the system  does  not  support  user  or
+              group IDs for symbolic links, for each file oper-
+              and that names a  file  of  type  symbolic  link,
+              chown shall do nothing more with the current file
+              and shall go on to any remaining files.
+
+       -H     If the -R option is specified and a symbolic link
+              referencing a file of type directory is specified
+              on the command line, chown shall change the  user
+              ID  (and group ID, if specified) of the directory
+              referenced by the symbolic link and all files  in
+              the file hierarchy below it.
+
+       -L     If the -R option is specified and a symbolic link
+              referencing a file of type directory is specified
+              on  the  command  line  or encountered during the
+              traversal of a file hierarchy, chown shall change
+              the  user  ID (and group ID, if specified) of the
+              directory referenced by the symbolic link and all
+              files in the file hierarchy below it.
+
+       -P     If the -R option is specified and a symbolic link
+              is specified on the command line  or  encountered
+              during  the  traversal of a file hierarchy, chown
+              shall change the owner ID (and group ID, if spec-
+              ified)  of  the  symbolic link if the system sup-
+              ports this operation. The chown utility shall not
+              follow the symbolic link to any other part of the
+              file hierarchy.
+
+       -R     Recursively change file user and group  IDs.  For
+              each  file  operand that names a directory, chown
+              shall change the user ID (and group ID, if speci-
+              fied)  of the directory and all files in the file
+              hierarchy below it. Unless a -H, -L, or -P option
+              is  specified,  it  is unspecified which of these
+              options will be used as the default.
+
+
+       Specifying  more  than  one  of  the  mutually-exclusive
+       options -H, -L, and -P shall not be considered an error.
+       The last option specified shall determine  the  behavior
+       of the utility.
+
+OPERANDS
+       The following operands shall be supported:
+
+       owner[:group]
+              A user ID and optional group ID to be assigned to
+              file. The owner portion of this operand shall  be
+              a  user  name from the user database or a numeric
+              user ID. Either specifies a user ID  which  shall
+              be  given  to  each file named by one of the file
+              operands. If a numeric owner  operand  exists  in
+              the  user  database  as  a user name, the user ID
+              number associated with that user  name  shall  be
+              used as the user ID. Similarly, if the group por-
+              tion of this operand is present, it  shall  be  a
+              group  name  from the group database or a numeric
+              group ID. Either specifies a group ID which shall
+              be given to each file. If a numeric group operand
+              exists in the group database as a group name, the
+              group  ID  number associated with that group name
+              shall be used as the group ID.
+
+       file   A pathname of a file whose user ID is to be modi-
+              fied.
+
+
+STDIN
+       Not used.
+
+INPUT FILES
+       None.
+
+ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+       The  following  environment  variables  shall affect the
+       execution of chown:
+
+       LANG   Provide    a    default     value     for     the
+              internationalization  variables that are unset or
+              null.  (See  the  Base  Definitions   volume   of
+              IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2, International-
+              ization Variables for the precedence of  interna-
+              tionalization  variables  used  to  determine the
+              values of locale categories.)
+
+       LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override  the
+              values  of  all  the  other  internationalization
+              variables.
+
+       LC_CTYPE
+              Determine the locale for  the  interpretation  of
+              sequences  of  bytes  of  text data as characters
+              (for example, single-byte as  opposed  to  multi-
+              byte characters in arguments).
+
+       LC_MESSAGES
+              Determine  the  locale  that  should  be  used to
+              affect the format and contents of diagnostic mes-
+              sages written to standard error.
+
+       NLSPATH
+              Determine  the  location  of message catalogs for
+              the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
+
+
+ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
+       Default.
+
+STDOUT
+       Not used.
+
+STDERR
+       The standard error shall be  used  only  for  diagnostic
+       messages.
+
+OUTPUT FILES
+       None.
+
+EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
+       None.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+       The following exit values shall be returned:
+
+        0     The   utility   executed   successfully  and  all
+              requested changes were made.
+
+       >0     An error occurred.
+
+
+CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
+       Default.
+
+       The following sections are informative.
+
+APPLICATION USAGE
+       Only the owner of a file or the  user  with  appropriate
+       privileges may change the owner or group of a file.
+
+       Some implementations restrict the use of chown to a user
+       with appropriate privileges.
+
+EXAMPLES
+       None.
+
+RATIONALE
+       The System V and BSD versions use different exit  status
+       codes.  Some  implementations  used the exit status as a
+       count of the number of errors that occurred; this  prac-
+       tice  is  unworkable  since it can overflow the range of
+       valid exit status values. These are masked by specifying
+       only 0 and >0 as exit values.
+
+       The  functionality  of  chown is described substantially
+       through references to functions in the System Interfaces
+       volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001. In this way, there is no
+       duplication of effort required for describing the inter-
+       actions of permissions, multiple groups, and so on.
+
+       The  4.3  BSD  method of specifying both owner and group
+       was included  in  this  volume  of  IEEE Std 1003.1-2001
+       because:
+
+              There  are  cases where the desired end condition
+              could not be achieved using the chgrp  and  chown
+              (that  only  changed  the user ID) utilities. (If
+              the current owner is not a member of the  desired
+              group  and  the  desired owner is not a member of
+              the current group,  the  chown()  function  could
+              fail  unless  both owner and group are changed at
+              the same time.)
+
+              Even if they could be changed  independently,  in
+              cases  where  both  are being changed, there is a
+              100% performance penalty caused by  being  forced
+              to invoke both utilities.
+
+       The  BSD  syntax  user[.  group]  was  changed to user[:
+       group] in this volume  of  IEEE Std 1003.1-2001  because
+       the period is a valid character in login names (as spec-
+       ified   by    the    Base    Definitions    volume    of
+       IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,  login names consist of characters
+       in the portable filename character set). The colon char-
+       acter was chosen as the replacement for the period char-
+       acter because it would never be allowed as  a  character
+       in  a  user name or group name on historical implementa-
+       tions.
+
+       The -R option is considered  by  some  observers  as  an
+       undesirable  departure  from  the historical UNIX system
+       tools approach; since a tool, find,  already  exists  to
+       recurse  over  directories,  there  seemed to be no good
+       reason to require other tools to have to duplicate  that
+       functionality.   However,  the  -R  option was deemed an
+       important user convenience, is far more  efficient  than
+       forking  a  separate  process  for  each  element of the
+       directory hierarchy, and  is  in  widespread  historical
+       use.
+
+FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+       None.
+
+SEE ALSO
+       chmod   ,  chgrp  ,  the  System  Interfaces  volume  of
+       IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, chown()
+
+COPYRIGHT
+       Portions of this text are reprinted  and  reproduced  in
+       electronic  form  from  IEEE  Std  1003.1, 2003 Edition,
+       Standard for Information Technology -- Portable  Operat-
+       ing System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Speci-
+       fications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Insti-
+       tute  of  Electrical  and Electronics Engineers, Inc and
+       The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy  between
+       this  version  and  the original IEEE and The Open Group
+       Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group  Standard
+       is  the  referee  document. The original Standard can be
+       obtained                    online                    at
+       http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
+
+
+
+POSIX                         2003                     chown(P)