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+paste(P)                                               paste(P)
+
+
+
+
+
+NAME
+       paste - merge corresponding or subsequent lines of files
+
+SYNOPSIS
+       paste [-s][-d list] file...
+
+DESCRIPTION
+       The paste utility shall  concatenate  the  corresponding
+       lines  of the given input files, and write the resulting
+       lines to standard output.
+
+       The default operation of  paste  shall  concatenate  the
+       corresponding lines of the input files. The <newline> of
+       every line except the line  from  the  last  input  file
+       shall be replaced with a <tab>.
+
+       If  an  end-of-file condition is detected on one or more
+       input files, but not all input files, paste shall behave
+       as  though empty lines were read from the files on which
+       end-of-file was detected, unless the -s option is speci-
+       fied.
+
+OPTIONS
+       The  paste utility shall conform to the Base Definitions
+       volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,  Section  12.2,  Utility
+       Syntax Guidelines.
+
+       The following options shall be supported:
+
+       -d  list
+              Unless  a  backslash  character  appears in list,
+              each character in list is an element specifying a
+              delimiter  character.  If  a  backslash character
+              appears in list, the backslash character and  one
+              or  more  characters  following it are an element
+              specifying a  delimiter  character  as  described
+              below.  These elements specify one or more delim-
+              iters to use, instead of the  default  <tab>,  to
+              replace  the  <newline>  of  the input lines. The
+              elements in list shall be used  circularly;  that
+              is,  when the list is exhausted the first element
+              from the list is reused. When the  -s  option  is
+              specified:
+
+              The  last  <newline> in a file shall not be modi-
+              fied.
+
+              The delimiter shall be reset to the first element
+              of list after each file operand is processed.
+
+       When the -s option is not specified:
+
+              The  <newline>s in the file specified by the last
+              file operand shall not be modified.
+
+              The delimiter shall be reset to the first element
+              of  list  each time a line is processed from each
+              file.
+
+       If a backslash character appears in  list,  it  and  the
+       character  following  it  shall be used to represent the
+       following delimiter characters:
+
+       \n     <newline>.
+
+       \t     <tab>.
+
+       \\     Backslash character.
+
+       \0     Empty string (not a null character). If  '\0'  is
+              immediately  followed  by the character 'x' , the
+              character 'X' , or any character defined  by  the
+              LC_CTYPE  digit keyword (see the Base Definitions
+              volume  of   IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,   Chapter   7,
+              Locale), the results are unspecified.
+
+
+       If  any  other  characters  follow  the  backslash,  the
+       results are unspecified.
+
+       -s     Concatenate all of the  lines  of  each  separate
+              input  file  in command line order. The <newline>
+              of every line except the last line in each  input
+              file  shall  be  replaced  with the <tab>, unless
+              otherwise specified by the -d option.
+
+
+OPERANDS
+       The following operand shall be supported:
+
+       file   A pathname of an input file. If '-' is  specified
+              for  one or more of the files, the standard input
+              shall be used; the standard input shall  be  read
+              one line at a time, circularly, for each instance
+              of '-' . Implementations shall support pasting of
+              at least 12 file operands.
+
+
+STDIN
+       The  standard  input  shall  be used only if one or more
+       file operands is '-' . See the INPUT FILES section.
+
+INPUT FILES
+       The input files shall be text files,  except  that  line
+       lengths shall be unlimited.
+
+ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+       The  following  environment  variables  shall affect the
+       execution of paste:
+
+       LANG   Provide a default value for the internationaliza-
+              tion  variables  that are unset or null. (See the
+              Base Definitions volume of  IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
+              Section  8.2,  Internationalization Variables for
+              the precedence of internationalization  variables
+              used  to  determine  the  values  of locale cate-
+              gories.)
+
+       LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override  the
+              values  of  all  the  other  internationalization
+              variables.
+
+       LC_CTYPE
+              Determine the locale for  the  interpretation  of
+              sequences  of  bytes  of  text data as characters
+              (for example, single-byte as  opposed  to  multi-
+              byte characters in arguments and input files).
+
+       LC_MESSAGES
+              Determine  the  locale  that  should  be  used to
+              affect the format and contents of diagnostic mes-
+              sages written to standard error.
+
+       NLSPATH
+              Determine  the  location  of message catalogs for
+              the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
+
+
+ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
+       Default.
+
+STDOUT
+       Concatenated lines of input files shall be separated  by
+       the  <tab> (or other characters under the control of the
+       -d option) and terminated by a <newline>.
+
+STDERR
+       The standard error shall be  used  only  for  diagnostic
+       messages.
+
+OUTPUT FILES
+       None.
+
+EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
+       None.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+       The following exit values shall be returned:
+
+        0     Successful completion.
+
+       >0     An error occurred.
+
+
+CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
+       If  one or more input files cannot be opened when the -s
+       option is not specified, a diagnostic message  shall  be
+       written  to  standard error, but no output is written to
+       standard output. If the  -s  option  is  specified,  the
+       paste   utility   shall  provide  the  default  behavior
+       described in Utility Description Defaults .
+
+       The following sections are informative.
+
+APPLICATION USAGE
+       When the escape sequences of  the  list  option-argument
+       are  used in a shell script, they must be quoted; other-
+       wise, the shell treats the '\' as a special character.
+
+       Conforming applications should  only  use  the  specific
+       backslash escaped delimiters presented in this volume of
+       IEEE Std 1003.1-2001. Historical  implementations  treat
+       '\x'  ,  where  'x'  is  not  in this list, as 'x' , but
+       future implementations are free to expand this  list  to
+       recognize other common escapes similar to those accepted
+       by printf and other standard utilities.
+
+       Most of the standard utilities work on text  files.  The
+       cut  utility  can  be  used to turn files with arbitrary
+       line lengths into a set of  text  files  containing  the
+       same  data.  The paste utility can be used to create (or
+       recreate) files with arbitrary line lengths.  For  exam-
+       ple, if file contains long lines:
+
+
+              cut -b 1-500 -n file > file1
+              cut -b 501- -n file > file2
+
+       creates  file1  (a  text file) with lines no longer than
+       500 bytes (plus the <newline>) and file2  that  contains
+       the  remainder of the data from file. Note that file2 is
+       not a text file if there are  lines  in  file  that  are
+       longer  than  500  + {LINE_MAX} bytes. The original file
+       can be recreated from file1 and file2 using the command:
+
+
+              paste -d "\0" file1 file2 > file
+
+       The commands:
+
+
+              paste -d "\0" ...
+              paste -d "" ...
+
+       are not necessarily equivalent; the latter is not speci-
+       fied by this  volume  of  IEEE Std 1003.1-2001  and  may
+       result  in  an error. The construct '\0' is used to mean
+       "no separator" because historical versions of paste  did
+       not follow the syntax guidelines, and the command:
+
+
+              paste -d"" ...
+
+       could not be handled properly by getopt().
+
+EXAMPLES
+       Write out a directory in four columns:
+
+
+              ls | paste - - - -
+
+       Combine pairs of lines from a file into single lines:
+
+
+              paste -s -d "\t\n" file
+
+RATIONALE
+       None.
+
+FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+       None.
+
+SEE ALSO
+       Utility Description Defaults , cut , grep , pr
+
+COPYRIGHT
+       Portions  of  this  text are reprinted and reproduced in
+       electronic form from  IEEE  Std  1003.1,  2003  Edition,
+       Standard  for Information Technology -- Portable Operat-
+       ing System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Speci-
+       fications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Insti-
+       tute of Electrical and Electronics  Engineers,  Inc  and
+       The  Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
+       this version and the original IEEE and  The  Open  Group
+       Standard,  the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
+       is the referee document. The original  Standard  can  be
+       obtained        online        at        http://www.open-
+       group.org/unix/online.html .
+
+
+
+POSIX                         2003                     paste(P)