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authorIndrajith K L2022-12-03 17:00:20 +0530
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+who(P) who(P)
+
+
+
+
+
+NAME
+ who - display who is on the system
+
+SYNOPSIS
+ who [-mTu]
+
+
+
+ who [-mu]-s[-bHlprt][file]
+
+ who [-mTu][-abdHlprt][file]
+
+ who -q [file]
+
+ who am i
+
+ who am I
+
+
+DESCRIPTION
+ The who utility shall list various pieces of information
+ about accessible users. The domain of accessibility is
+ implementation-defined.
+
+ Based on the options given, who can also list the user's
+ name, terminal line, login time, elapsed time since
+ activity occurred on the line, and the process ID of the
+ command interpreter for each current system user.
+
+OPTIONS
+ The who utility shall conform to the Base Definitions
+ volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility
+ Syntax Guidelines.
+
+ The following options shall be supported. The metavari-
+ ables, such as <line>, refer to fields described in the
+ STDOUT section.
+
+ -a Process the implementation-defined database or
+ named file with the -b, -d, -l, -p, -r, -t, -T
+ and -u options turned on.
+
+ -b Write the time and date of the last reboot.
+
+ -d Write a list of all processes that have expired
+ and not been respawned by the init system
+ process. The <exit> field shall appear for dead
+ processes and contain the termination and exit
+ values of the dead process. This can be useful in
+ determining why a process terminated.
+
+ -H Write column headings above the regular output.
+
+ -l (The letter ell.) List only those lines on which
+ the system is waiting for someone to login. The
+ <name> field shall be LOGIN in such cases. Other
+ fields shall be the same as for user entries
+ except that the <state> field does not exist.
+
+ -m Output only information about the current termi-
+ nal.
+
+ -p List any other process that is currently active
+ and has been previously spawned by init.
+
+ -q (Quick.) List only the names and the number of
+ users currently logged on. When this option is
+ used, all other options shall be ignored.
+
+ -r Write the current run-level of the init process.
+
+ -s List only the <name>, <line>, and <time> fields.
+ This is the default case.
+
+ -t Indicate the last change to the system clock.
+
+ -T Show the state of each terminal, as described in
+ the STDOUT section.
+
+ -u Write "idle time" for each displayed user in
+ addition to any other information. The idle time
+ is the time since any activity occurred on the
+ user's terminal. The method of determining this
+ is unspecified. This option shall list only
+ those users who are currently logged in. The
+ <name> is the user's login name. The <line> is
+ the name of the line as found in the directory
+ /dev. The <time> is the time that the user logged
+ in. The <activity> is the number of hours and
+ minutes since activity last occurred on that par-
+ ticular line. A dot indicates that the terminal
+ has seen activity in the last minute and is
+ therefore "current". If more than twenty-four
+ hours have elapsed or the line has not been used
+ since boot time, the entry shall be marked <old>.
+ This field is useful when trying to determine
+ whether a person is working at the terminal or
+ not. The <pid> is the process ID of the user's
+ login process.
+
+
+OPERANDS
+ The following operands shall be supported:
+
+ am i, am I
+ In the POSIX locale, limit the output to describ-
+ ing the invoking user, equivalent to the -m
+ option. The am and i or I must be separate argu-
+ ments.
+
+ file Specify a pathname of a file to substitute for
+ the implementation-defined database of logged-on
+ users that who uses by default.
+
+
+STDIN
+ Not used.
+
+INPUT FILES
+ None.
+
+ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+ The following environment variables shall affect the
+ execution of who:
+
+ LANG Provide a default value for the internationaliza-
+ tion variables that are unset or null. (See the
+ Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,
+ Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables for
+ the precedence of internationalization variables
+ used to determine the values of locale cate-
+ gories.)
+
+ LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the
+ values of all the other internationalization
+ variables.
+
+ LC_CTYPE
+ Determine the locale for the interpretation of
+ sequences of bytes of text data as characters
+ (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-
+ byte characters in arguments).
+
+ LC_MESSAGES
+ Determine the locale that should be used to
+ affect the format and contents of diagnostic mes-
+ sages written to standard error.
+
+ LC_TIME
+ Determine the locale used for the format and con-
+ tents of the date and time strings.
+
+ NLSPATH
+ Determine the location of message catalogs for
+ the processing of LC_MESSAGES .
+
+ TZ Determine the timezone used when writing date and
+ time information. If TZ is unset or null, an
+ unspecified default timezone shall be used.
+
+
+ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
+ Default.
+
+STDOUT
+ The who utility shall write its default format to the
+ standard output in an implementation-defined format,
+ subject only to the requirement of containing the infor-
+ mation described above.
+
+ XSI-conformant systems shall write the default informa-
+ tion to the standard output in the following general
+ format:
+
+
+ <name>[<state>]<line><time>[<activity>][<pid>][<comment>][<exit>] <img
+ src="../images/opt-end.gif" border="0">
+
+ The following format shall be used for the -T option:
+
+
+ "%s %c %s %s\n" <name>, <terminal state>, <terminal name>,
+ <time of login>
+
+ where <terminal state> is one of the following charac-
+ ters:
+
+ + The terminal allows write access to other users.
+
+ - The terminal denies write access to other users.
+
+ ? The terminal write-access state cannot be deter-
+ mined.
+
+
+ In the POSIX locale, the <time of login> shall be equiv-
+ alent in format to the output of:
+
+
+ date +"%b %e %H:%M"
+
+ If the -u option is used with -T, the idle time shall be
+ added to the end of the previous format in an unspeci-
+ fied format.
+
+STDERR
+ The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic
+ messages.
+
+OUTPUT FILES
+ None.
+
+EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
+ None.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+ The following exit values shall be returned:
+
+ 0 Successful completion.
+
+ >0 An error occurred.
+
+
+CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
+ Default.
+
+ The following sections are informative.
+
+APPLICATION USAGE
+ The name init used for the system process is the most
+ commonly used on historical systems, but it may vary.
+
+ The "domain of accessibility" referred to is a broad
+ concept that permits interpretation either on a very
+ secure basis or even to allow a network-wide implementa-
+ tion like the historical rwho.
+
+EXAMPLES
+ None.
+
+RATIONALE
+ Due to differences between historical implementations,
+ the base options provided were a compromise to allow
+ users to work with those functions. The standard devel-
+ opers also considered removing all the options, but felt
+ that these options offered users valuable functionality.
+ Additional options to match historical systems are
+ available on XSI-conformant systems.
+
+ It is recognized that the who command may be of limited
+ usefulness, especially in a multi-level secure environ-
+ ment. The standard developers considered, however, that
+ having some standard method of determining the "accessi-
+ bility" of other users would aid user portability.
+
+ No format was specified for the default who output for
+ systems not supporting the XSI Extension. In such a
+ user-oriented command, designed only for human use, this
+ was not considered to be a deficiency.
+
+ The format of the terminal name is unspecified, but the
+ descriptions of ps, talk, and write require that they
+ use the same format.
+
+ It is acceptable for an implementation to produce no
+ output for an invocation of who mil.
+
+FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+ None.
+
+SEE ALSO
+ mesg
+
+COPYRIGHT
+ Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in
+ electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition,
+ Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operat-
+ ing System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Speci-
+ fications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Insti-
+ tute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and
+ The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
+ this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group
+ Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
+ is the referee document. The original Standard can be
+ obtained online at http://www.open-
+ group.org/unix/online.html .
+
+
+
+POSIX 2003 who(P)