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TAIL(1) User Commands TAIL(1)
NAME
tail - output the last part of files
SYNOPSIS
tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
Print the last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giv-
ing the file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -,
read standard input.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for
short options too.
--retry
keep trying to open a file even if it is inacces-
sible when tail starts or if it becomes inacces-
sible later; useful when following by name, i.e.,
with --follow=name
-c, --bytes=N
output the last N bytes
-f, --follow[={name|descriptor}]
output appended data as the file grows; -f,
--follow, and --follow=descriptor are equivalent
-F same as --follow=name --retry
-n, --lines=N
output the last N lines, instead of the last 10
--max-unchanged-stats=N
with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not
changed size after N (default 5) iterations to
see if it has been unlinked or renamed (this is
the usual case of rotated log files)
--pid=PID
with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies
-q, --quiet, --silent
never output headers giving file names
-s, --sleep-interval=S
with -f, sleep for approximately S seconds
(default 1.0) between iterations.
-v, --verbose
always output headers giving file names
--help display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
If the first character of N (the number of bytes or
lines) is a `+', print beginning with the Nth item from
the start of each file, otherwise, print the last N
items in the file. N may have a multiplier suffix: b
512, k 1024, m 1024*1024.
With --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file
descriptor, which means that even if a tail'ed file is
renamed, tail will continue to track its end. This
default behavior is not desirable when you really want
to track the actual name of the file, not the file
descriptor (e.g., log rotation). Use --follow=name in
that case. That causes tail to track the named file by
reopening it periodically to see if it has been removed
and recreated by some other program.
AUTHOR
Written by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Ian Lance Tay-
lor, and Jim Meyering.
REPORTING BUGS
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying condi-
tions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABIL-
ITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
SEE ALSO
The full documentation for tail is maintained as a Tex-
info manual. If the info and tail programs are properly
installed at your site, the command
info tail
should give you access to the complete manual.
tail 5.3.0 December 2004 TAIL(1)
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